Test Bank Questions chapter 1-14 Flashcards

Question

223. Which of the following is a non-normative influence on behaviour? a. when one's first marriage occurs b. being a "baby boomer" c. having a child d. winning the lottery

Answer 1

The correct answer is: winning the lottery

Answer 2

The correct answer is: age and cohort

Answer 3

The correct answer is: cross-sequential

Answer 4

The correct answer is: a correlational study.

Answer 5

The correct answer is: cross-sectional

Answer 6

The correct answer is: experimentation.

Answer 7

The correct answer is: shrinkage

Answer 8

The correct answer is: P-FIT

Answer 9

The correct answer is: cerebral cortex.

Answer 10

The correct answer is: emotionally positive

Answer 11

The correct answer is: plasticity.

Answer 12

The correct answer is: the default network.

Answer 13

The correct answer is: episodic; speed

Answer 14

The correct answer is: neurocorrelational

Answer 15

The correct answer is: bilateral

Answer 16

The correct answer is: all of the alternatives.

Answer 17

1. the neuropsychological 2. the neuro-correlational 3. the activation imaging approach these perspectives promote theoretical development because age related changes (structure and functioning) can assist in exposing why certain adults have a decline in cognitive functioning while others do not. They attempt to connect parts and functions of the brain with behaviour, performance that is observed which provides a picture of the impact aging has on the brain They all look at what is happening in the brain, but from different lenses. One is a comparison approach, another is a structure approach and the last utilizes technology to get a real time picture of what is happening in the brain. All of this information is used to explain, understand cognitive decline and changes in older adults. 1. neuropsychological approach • compares brain functioning of healthy older adults with adults who have pathological disorders in the brain. • promote development in aging by being able to relate damage in a specific area with a decline in cognitive functioning by comparisons • provides insight into unfavourable cognitive changes by correlating research • provides information on intervention strategies 2. The neurocorrelational approach • related measures of cognitive performance to measures of brain structure or functioning • focus on the structure of the brain, not necessarily damage • it links measures of behavioural performance to measures of neural structure 3. The activation imaging approach • links functional brain activity with behavioural data. • real-time investigation of changes • dependent on neuroimaging techniques (fMRI) • can show the brains activation for a comparison between younger adults and older adults, bilateral activation or unilateral activation

Answer 18

The correct answer is: rate-of-living theories.

Answer 19

The correct answer is: preventable.

Answer 20

The correct answer is: osteoporosis.

Answer 21

The correct answer is: glaucoma

Answer 22

The correct answer is: presbycusis.

Answer 23

The correct answer is: are rather minimal.

Answer 24

The correct answer is: Most people do not know if they have hypertension.

Answer 25

The correct answer is: all of the alternatives.

Answer 26

The correct answer is: congestive heart failure.

Answer 27

The correct answer is: declines.

Answer 28

The correct answer is: average longevity.

Answer 29

The correct answer is: valuation of life.

Answer 30

The correct answer is: autoimmunity.

Answer 31

The correct answer is: secondary appraisal.

Answer 32

The correct answer is: increasing exercise.

Answer 33

The correct answer is: prostate; breast

Answer 34

The correct answer is: incontinence.

Answer 35

The correct answer is: polypharmacy

Answer 36

The correct answer is: personal factors

Answer 37

The correct answer is: activities of daily living.

Answer 38

The correct answer is: Most people do not know if they have hypertension.

Answer 39

The correct answer is: declines.

Answer 40

The correct answer is: noise.

Answer 41

The correct answer is: Acuity

Answer 42

The correct answer is: usually declines only after age 60.

Answer 43

The correct answer is: light adaptation.

Answer 44

The correct answer is: a reduction of the heart's pumping capacity

Answer 45

The correct answer is: pain sensitivity varies across body locations and with types of stimulation.

Answer 46

The correct answer is: significant decrease in sexual desire

Answer 47

The correct answer is: presbyopia

Answer 48

The correct answer is: polypharmacy

Answer 49

The correct answer is: personal factors

Answer 50

The correct answer is: a disability.

Answer 51

The correct answer is: stress and coping paradigm.

Answer 52

The correct answer is: surgery.

Answer 53

The correct answer is: influenza.

Answer 54

the correct answer is: maximum longevity.

Answer 55

The correct answer is: faster excretion of medication.

Answer 56

The correct answer is: evaluating your ability to cope.

Answer 57

The correct answer is: can often be treated through behavioural methods.

Answer 58

Hearing changes associated with age: • reduced sensitivity to high-pitched tones that results from changes in the inner ear ( presbycusis) • loss of sensitivity to low-pitched tones • Exposure to noise speeds up and exacerbates hearing loss. • Ear canals can collapse due to atrophy of the supporting cartilage and decreased skin elasticity in the ear canal • degeneration within the inner ear and along the nerve pathways (related to hair cells) impacts hearing. • This can have a great effect on adults, feeling them with frustration and embarrassment at not being able to understand what is being said. • Pride and self esteem are impacted as the adult must come to terms with interventions to assist with hearing, which can be difficult because they are a visual reminder of what is lost (hearing aid) • hearing is a vital component in social communication, a lack of hearing can have a drastic effect on a persons quality of life. • It can cause emotional adverse reactions such as isolation, depression, paranoia, irritabolitplays a major role in social communication, its progressive loss could have an equally important effect on people’s quality of life. • Loss of hearing in later life can also cause numerous adverse emotional reactions, such as loss of independence, social isolation, irritation, paranoia, and depression.

Answer 59

Health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well- being. Health does not simply refer to the absence of disease. Health can refer to the absence of chronic physical conditions, mental disease or impairment. Defined through observational and self report techniques. Health Related Quality of Life - includes physical and mental health perceptions such as energy, mood, emotional well being and things that correlate - health conditions, risks, social supports etc. It also includes community resources that influence a persons functional state. w At the opposite spectrum, non health related quality of life references the environment (arts, economic, entertainment) that affects the overall experience and enjoyment of life. Illness is the presence of a physical or mental disease or impairment. Quality of life is a subjective judgment which needs to be understood in a broader context of adult development and aging. referring to peoples perceptions about their life and their position in relation to the core values, expectations, wishes and goals. This includes both the positive and negative aspects. This multidimensional concept is often measured by self evaluation, looking at biological, psychological an sociocultural characteristics - describing the strengths and use of the strengths in relation to age related changes -including physical and mental health when assessing quality -utilizing the SOC model to manage aging successfully Assessment: Functional health status - determines how well the person is functioning in daily life and requires very careful assessment in order to differentiate the tasks a person reports he or she can do, tasks a person can demonstrate in a clinic t and tasks the person actually does at home.

Answer 60

The correct answer is: competence.

Answer 61

The correct answer is: proactive adaptations

Answer 62

The correct answer is: everyday competence.

Answer 63

The correct answer is: physical

Answer 64

The correct answer is: level of services.

Answer 65

The correct answer is: 50%; 30%

Answer 66

The correct answer is: health.

Answer 67

The correct answer is: focusing on autonomy and personal objects.

Answer 68

The correct answer is: infantilization.

Answer 69

The correct answer is: the Eden Alternative.

Answer 70

The correct answer is: tend to be greater for middle-aged men.

Answer 71

The correct answer is: whether retirement was forced or voluntary.

Answer 72

The correct answer is: personal characteristics and the social context.

Answer 73

The correct answer is: supports and barriers.

Answer 74

The correct answer is: gender discrimination.

Answer 75

The correct answer is: burnout.

Answer 76

The correct answer is: 40

Answer 77

The correct answer is: both workers and mentors.

Answer 78

The correct answer is: stability over long periods of time.

Answer 79

The correct answer is: 60%

Answer 80

The correct answer is: physical

Answer 81

The correct answer is: competence.

Answer 82

The correct answer is: special care units.

Answer 83

The correct answer is: an assisted living facility.

Answer 84

The correct answer is: traditional

Answer 85

The correct answer is: care and support.

Answer 86

The correct answer is: changing the culture of aging in America, regardless of where older adults live.

Answer 87

The correct answer is: reminiscing about home

Answer 88

The correct answer is: all of these.

Answer 89

The correct answer is: include all of the alternatives.

Answer 90

The correct answer is: stability over long periods of time.

Answer 91

The correct answer is: supports and barriers.

Answer 92

The correct answer is: the quality of the mentor.

Answer 93

The correct answer is: all of the above alternatives.

Answer 94

The correct answer is: physical

Answer 95

The correct answer is: glass cliff.

Answer 96

The correct answer is: in all of these situations.

Answer 97

The correct answer is: Retirement for the general population was not really an option until the 1900s.

Answer 98

The correct answer is: discovering that the real world does not work exactly like it says in a book.

Answer 99

The correct answer is: economic need.

Answer 100

adult day care provides support, companionship, and certain services during the day. This is used when more supports are needed beyond home notifications, but not to the extreme of full time basis care. This is often the case when the primary caregiver works full time or is not available during the day. It is also used to delay placement to a more forma; care setting, by providing an alternate choice that both encourages and enhances the clients self esteem and socialization. Deciding to use adult day care is done when there is concerns around safety, when the caregiver has to take increasing amount of time off work to provide care, or relationship problems; careful screening is necessary and affordability is an issue that needs to be looked at. Congregate housing includes a range of options from providing only housing to providing some level of medical services, with the most common form being an apartment complex that provides support and shared meals. Congregate housing differs from assisted living in the levels of services it is able to provide, and it is less expensive. keeping in mind that most of the residents need to be independent. Assisted living is housing for older adults who need assistance with personal care, but who are not requiring 24 hour care for cognitive or physical impairments. There are 3 attributes that have been attributed to assisted living: 1. the physical environment is designed to be as much like a family house as possible - privacy, personal bathroom, enhance autonomy and independence. 2. emphasizes personal control, dignity, autonomy and allowing residence to exert control over their lives and schedule 3. meeting the residence routines and special needs, without requiring the high level of intensive nursing support. supports include transportation, socialization, etc...

Answer 101

Occupational choices are not available to all, gender creates barriers. Presently, almost 60% of women are in the labour force, which is down from the 90's. In the past women were in female dominated positions such as secretary, social work, teaching, early because of their socialization into these fields. However, women are now entering what was traditionally male dominated positions, such as medical, engineering and trades. These numbers are still very low, but they are gaining. In the 21st century women accounted for more than half of all employees in professional and management occupations! Women who enter these "male dominated role" encounter gender stereotyping, and they have been negatively viewed. In fact, in the US men still claim they prefer to date women in traditional roles. Before, women had fewer fewer opportunities for employment choices, but now things are significantly different. Now, women are becoming entrepreneurs faster then men!!! Things are starting to change and will continue to do so, the characteristic of women entering the work force in the 1950's is vastly different from today. Research in ethnicity and occupational development shows that women do not differ significantly in relation to participating in non traditional occupations. African American women tend to be more educated and they plan to be more formally educated for their job than necessary. Latino Americans and European Americans are similar in their work values and occupational development.

Answer 102

The correct answer is: sensory memory.

Answer 103

The correct answer is: divided attention.

Answer 104

The correct answer is: working memory.

Answer 105

The correct answer is: refers to the retrieval of information without conscious or intentional recollection; remain stable

Answer 106

The correct answer is: semantic memory.

Answer 107

The correct answer is: autobiographical memory.

Answer 108

The correct answer is: source memory.

Answer 109

The correct answer is: determine whether memory problems are disrupting daily living tasks.

Answer 110

The correct answer is: memory monitoring.

Answer 111

The correct answer is: explicit memory and internal aid.

Answer 112

The correct answer is: psychometric

Answer 113

The correct answer is: fluid intelligence

Answer 114

The correct answer is: inductive reasoning

Answer 115

The correct answer is: gender

Answer 116

The correct answer is: lifestyle.

Answer 117

The correct answer is: changes in cognitive structures

Answer 118

The correct answer is: reality constraints

Answer 119

The correct answer is: relativistic; younger

Answer 120

The correct answer is: optimally exercised ability

Answer 121

The correct answer is: absolutist thinking.

Answer 122

The correct answer is: memory monitoring.

Answer 123

The correct answer is: autobiographical memory.

Answer 124

The correct answer is: memories improved between ages 40 to 50.

Answer 125

The correct answer is: greater for explicit memory relative to implicit memory.

Answer 126

The correct answer is: older adults are less efficient when generating retrieval cues than younger adults.

Answer 127

The correct answer is: episodic memory.

Answer 128

The correct answer is: source memory

Answer 129

The correct answer is: processing resources; declines

Answer 130

The correct answer is: recall.

Answer 131

The correct answer is: false memories.

Answer 132

The correct answer is: reality constraints

Answer 133

The correct answer is: optimally exercised ability

Answer 134

The correct answer is: unexercised ability

Answer 135

The correct answer is: memory training benefited all adults, including those with a mild cognitive impairment.

Answer 136

The correct answer is: postformal thought

Answer 137

The correct answer is: expertise peaks in midlife and then declines slightly

Answer 138

The correct answer is: fluid intelligence.

Answer 139

The correct answer is: life experience.

Answer 140

The correct answer is: hypothetico-deductive thought

Answer 141

The correct answer is: assimilation.

Answer 142

Working memory (an umbrella term) is the active processes used to hold information in the mind and simultaneously using it to solve a problem or make a decision. It plays an active and important role in encoding, storage and retrieval while having a relatively small capacity. It deals with information being processed in the moment.There is a significant age related decline in working memory - the loss of it limits older adults overall cognitive functioning. Note: this age difference in working memory is not universal. Implicit memory involves retrieval of information without conscious or intentional recollection; much like a routine, we dont have to think about it. Older adults are generally better at implicit memory than explicit, but age differences depend on the specific kind of implicit memory task. Long term memory refers to the ability to remember large amounts of information from a few seconds to a few hours to decades. It represents a large capacity to store information for long periods of time. It contains multiple systems served by different brain area's. Semantic and episodic are two important components. On aging, semantic increases from 35-55 then tapers off and declines at 65. Episodic stays fairly stable until 55-60 and then declines around 65. encoding is the process of getting information into the memory system, whereas retrieval is getting information back out of memory . There is no evidence for age differences for how information is organized in storage, most research has examined encoding and retrieval as sources of age differences. Encoding is affected by age, but the reason is the adults spontaneous use of strategies during learning new information declines with age. The same with retrieval, older adults use spontaneously use fewer retrieval strategies and have poorer encoding strategies. Neuroimaging studies have shown during encoding, older adults prefrontal cortex shows over-activity, meaning the usual pattern of compensatory processes with age

Answer 143

3 characteristics: 1. problem-solving ability - consists of reasoning logically, identifying connections among ideas, seeing all aspects of a problem, and making good decisions. 2. verbal ability - comprises such things as speaking articulately, reading with high comprehension, and having a good vocabulary 3. social competence - includes behaviours such as accepting others for what they are, admitting mistakes, displaying interest in the world at large, and being on time for appointments. Approach to studying development is called the lifespan perspective. This approach is based on several key principles: 1. multidirectionality - refers to the distinct patterns of change in abilities over the life span 2. plasticity - refers to the range of functioning within a person and the conditions under which their abilities can be modified (within specific age ranges) 3. Interindividual variability - accepts that adults differ in the direction of their intellectual development. Some show decline in specific abilities where others show stability of functioning, and show improvements in those same abilities. 4. multidimensional - meaning development involves the interaction of factors like physical, emotional, and psychosocial development Using those four concepts Baltes and colleagues proposed the dual-component model of intellectual functioning. This consist of: 1- mechanics of intelligence: involves the neurophysiological structure of the mind, including basic information processing components, problem solving, spatial orientation, and perceptual speed. Change is greatest in childhood, adolescents as skills are acquire to handle complex tasks 2- Pragmatic intelligence: includes everyday cognitive performance/adaptations: wisdom, practical problem solving and verbal knowledge. This is available knowledge from culture and this type dominates adulthood.

Answer 144

The correct answer is: were likely to change their initial impression.

Answer 145

The correct answer is: social knowledge.

Answer 146

The correct answer is: causal attribution.

Answer 147

The correct answer is: older adults

Answer 148

The correct answer is: positivity effect; older adults

Answer 149

The correct answer is: an age-based double standard.

Answer 150

The correct answer is: stereotype threat; impair

Answer 151

The correct answer is: assimilative activities.

Answer 152

The correct answer is: primary control.

Answer 153

The correct answer is: their performance was better than as individuals working alone.

Answer 154

The correct answer is: young adulthood

Answer 155

The correct answer is: shared activities.

Answer 156

The correct answer is: Eastern Europe has a much higher model of others than model of self.

Answer 157

The correct answer is: 1 out of 4

Answer 158

The correct answer is: increasing

Answer 159

The correct answer is: highest at the beginning and end, lowest when children leave home

Answer 160

The correct answer is: all alternatives are true.

Answer 161

The correct answer is: Men are generally older when they are widowed than are women.

Answer 162

The correct answer is: middle-aged people with aging parents and teenage children.

Answer 163

The correct answer is: different; change

Answer 164

The correct answer is: older adults

Answer 165

The correct answer is: their performance was better than as individuals working alone.

Answer 166

The correct answer is: situational attribution.

Answer 167

The correct answer is: older couples perform as well as younger couples.

Answer 168

The correct answer is: secondary control.

Answer 169

The correct answer is: implicit stereotyping

Answer 170

The correct answer is: a motivational system that regulates human behaviour

Answer 171

The correct answer is: emotional reaction and cognitive interpretation of the situation.

Answer 172

The correct answer is: implicit stereotyping.

Answer 173

The correct answer is: stereotypes.

Answer 174

The correct answer is: middle-aged people with aging parents and teenage children.

Answer 175

The correct answer is: increasing

Answer 176

The correct answer is: North America has a much higher model of self than model of others.

Answer 177

The correct answer is: Men marry at earlier ages than women.

Answer 178

The correct answer is: physical intimacy.

Answer 179

The correct answer is: women.

Answer 180

The correct answer is: Familism

Answer 181

The correct answer is: kinkeeper.

Answer 182

The correct answer is: decreasing, then increasing.

Answer 183

The correct answer is: extended.

Answer 184

Stereotypes are a type of social knowledge structure or social belief. They represent socially shared beliefs about characteristics and behaviours of a particular social group. Stereotypes are used to judge first impressions, and to process information in a social interaction. The downside of stereotypes is that they can underestimate what a person is observing, casting unjustified potential. Stereotypes change as we age as there are age differences in how we perceive older adults. As well, the ability to estimate someones age decreases with age. Older adults ideas and stereotypes become more elaborate and enriches as they are able to integrate their life experiences into their beliefs. Older adults experience more negative stereotyping, which can have a drastic effect on their physical and cognitive domains. however, the beneficial effects of positive stereotypes on older adults’ results in better balance performance, reduced cardiovascular stress and overall better health. older adults are plagued by negative stereotypes of being less competent, less able to hear, and having poor memories, which can unconsciously result in accurate assessment of them. The age-based double standard a double standard is a set of rules that apply for one population but not for another; age based double standards are s set and assumed based on age. This is operating when an individual assumes an older persons memory failure is more serious than it would be if observed in a younger person. If an older person is forgetting something it is looked upon as possible dementia or Alzheimers (age based double standard, this would not be the first thought with a younger person.

Answer 185

friendships are important at all stages of life, and they play an important part of our overall health. As adults age they become increasingly selective, putting greater resources in emotionally meaningful goals and activities, such as friendships. For older adults, friends are an important aspect of a healthy life; as friendships help to foster independence - especially at a time when older adults do not want to be felt like they are a burden to their families, Carstensen proposed a life-span theory of socioemotional selectivity, that states social contact is motivated by a variety of goals. This theory explains why older adults do not to replace relationships they lose. Older adults are more selective and have less opportunities to make new friends. The goals are: A. Information seeking B. self-concept C. Emotional regulation Women base their friendships on intimate and emotional sharing and utilize the friend as a confident, friendships revolve around the discussion pf personal matters...this is a strong basis for women's friendship. Whereas, men base friendships on shared interests and activities. Cross yes friendships are often overestimate by men and underestimate by women with respect to their friends’ sexual interest in them.

Answer 186

The correct answer is: state processes, personal concerns, and cognitive processes.

Answer 187

The correct answer is: extroversion.

Answer 188

The correct answer is: an adaptive response.

Answer 189

The correct answer is: resolving struggles between opposing tendencies.

Answer 190

The correct answer is: cultural demand, concern, inner desire

Answer 191

The correct answer is: but most follow-up research has failed to support the universality of such crises in midlife.

Answer 192

The correct answer is: life story.

Answer 193

The correct answer is: Piaget

Answer 194

The correct answer is: more possible selves and are more likely to believe they can attain them.

Answer 195

The correct answer is: all of these alternatives.

Answer 196

The correct answer is: passivity

Answer 197

The correct answer is: Mental status exams

Answer 198

The correct answer is: dysphoria.

Answer 199

The correct answer is: loss.

Answer 200

The correct answer is: cognitive therapy.

Answer 201

The correct answer is: Alzheimer's disease.

Answer 202

The correct answer is: in the evening.

Answer 203

The correct answer is: differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviour

Answer 204

The correct answer is: 17% to 21%

Answer 205

The correct answer is: is most frequent during young adulthood

Answer 206

The correct answer is: state processes, personal concerns, and cognitive processes.

Answer 207

The correct answer is: life story.

Answer 208

The correct answer is: each psychosocial strength has its own special time of importance.

Answer 209

The correct answer is: there is little data to support its existence.

Answer 210

The correct answer is: self-concept.

Answer 211

The correct answer is: personal

Answer 212

The correct answer is: lower; lower

Answer 213

The correct answer is: whether changes in extroversion occur

Answer 214

The correct answer is: motivational sources, thoughts and plans, and behaviour.

Answer 215

The correct answer is: some change, but it is not tied to any specific ages.

Answer 216

The correct answer is: loss.

Answer 217

The correct answer is: is most frequent during young adulthood

Answer 218

The correct answer is: 5%

Answer 219

The correct answer is: decreased serotonin levels.

Answer 220

The correct answer is: behavioural therapy.

Answer 221

The correct answer is: sociocultural influences

Answer 222

The correct answer is: antipsychotic medications.

Answer 223

The correct answer is: Drug therapies are available to improve many of the behavioural problems

Answer 224

The correct answer is: an autopsy.

Answer 225

The correct answer is: bipolar disorder

Answer 226

Traits are a distinguishable and enduring way that one individual differs from another. They are based on comparison given that there is no quantitative standards to assess it by. Once a trait is attributed to a person it is assumed that it is a stable characteristic. the five factor model by Costa and McCrae consists of five independent dimensions of personality: 1. Neuroticism - anxiety, hostility, self consciousness, depression, impulsivity, vulnerability 2. Extraversion - six facets divided into 3 interpersonal and three temperamental traits. 3. openness to experience - the individual is open to new situations. 6 facets; fantasy, spent o action, open to ideas, open minded, in touch with emotions and fantasy. 4. agreeableness - similar to antagonism 5. conscientiousness - strong desire to make something of yourself at the high end, and negligent, lazy and disorganized at the low end. Evidence suggest there are normative increases in adjustment aspects of personality with increasing age. The basic indicators of personality growth/change show either stability or decline with age. Research concludes that personality growth across adulthood does not usually happen unless there are special circumstance and a welcoming environment for change. Personality adjustment however grows in adulthood in response to the developmental changes and life changes. McCrae believed that personality traits stop changing by the time a person is 30 and there are no significant changes, however there has since been evidence to support otherwise. The conclusion about dispositional traits is that evidence supports that personality traits remain stable through adulthood when we average out all of the data. However, when we examine specific aspects of personality in specific people we may very well discover change. Life experiences has to be looked at, as they are a deciding factor for change.

Answer 227

An assessment is a formal process of measuring, understanding, and predicting behaviour. A multidimensional assessment is done by a group of professionals (physician, psychologist, nurse, social worker etc). It is a team approach to an assessment which forms an overarching narrative for the assessment needs. Factors that influence an assessment are biases, both negative and positive, and environmental conditions, where the assessment occurs, sensory problems, mobility problems and the participants current health; both of these factors can complicate the assessment. There are 6 primary methods of assessment: 1. interview - clinical interviews are the most popular and used for many reasons (obtain history, determine follow up, consent, evaluate effects of treatment) 2. self reports - validity and reliability are a concern 3. reports by others - family and friends 4. Psychophysiological assessment- looks at the relation between physical and psychological functioning. 5. direct observation - in both systematic and naturalistic observation 6. performance based assessment - assessing on a specific tasks developmental issues in therapy - therapy generally takes two approaches, medication and psychotherapy. However, professionals must take into account the ways medications work change with age - medications that work in one age group do not necessarily work across the board for all ages. Psychotherapy needs to be looked at in terms of older adults unique needs - which has led to her-psychology. It is a positive approach that promotes and focuses on successful ageing. The approach used must be deemed effective based on research and clinical evidence. Due to the prevalence of medical conditions there are specific challenges for psychological assessments, as many scales include items assessing physical symptoms. Taking life span development into consideration is key.

Answer 228

The correct answer is: clinical death

Answer 229

The correct answer is: bioethics

Answer 230

The correct answer is: the naming of a specific individual who can make decisions

Answer 231

The correct answer is: agitation

Answer 232

The correct answer is: that there is no one right way to die.

Answer 233

The correct answer is: death anxiety.

Answer 234

The correct answer is: Hospice care

Answer 235

The correct answer is: mourning

Answer 236

The correct answer is: grief work

Answer 237

The correct answer is: The death of a child for a middle-aged parent has greater emotional consequences than it does for a younger parent.

Answer 238

The correct answer is: decrease to 2 to 1.

Answer 239

The correct answer is: spending money on all wants and desires.

Answer 240

The correct answer is: agitation

Answer 241

The correct answer is: that there is no one right way to die

Answer 242

The correct answer is: mourning

Answer 243

The correct answer is: separation distress and traumatic distress.

Answer 244

The correct answer is: less anxious about death because they are more likely to have ego integrity

Answer 245

The correct answer is: active euthanasia.

Answer 246

The correct answer is: common in normal grief.

Answer 247

The correct answer is: Young adult widows have less intense grief immediately after the death

Answer 248

The correct answer is: final scenario.

Answer 249

The correct answer is: pain management

Answer 250

The correct answer is: Regular moderate exercise

Answer 251

The correct answer is: decrease to 2 to 1.

Answer 252

The correct answer is: good health

Answer 253

The correct answer is: secondary prevention.

Answer 254

The correct answer is: adaptive.

Answer 255

The correct answer is: greater

Answer 256

The correct answer is: quality of life.

Answer 257

The correct answer is: fewer calories.

Answer 258

The correct answer is: objective social support

Answer 259

The correct answer is: mediators.

Answer 260

The correct answer is: tertiary prevention.

Answer 261

The correct answer is: Regular moderate exercise

Answer 262

The correct answer is: selection.

Answer 263

Death anxiety refers to people’s anxiety or even fear of death and dying, it is a multidimensional construct relating to anxieties surrounding death - it is the frail nature of death rather than something in particular that makes it uncomfortable. Components of death anxiety include pain, humiliation, rejection, negative impact, punishment, and interruption of goals. what we admit to feeling about in public with respect to death may differ from our actual thoughts when we are alone. Measuring death anxiety is complex. Terror management theory addresses the issue of why people engage in certain behaviours to achieve particular psychological states based on their rooted concerns about mortality. The theory proposes ensuring the continuation of one’s life is the primary motive underlying behaviour and all other motives can be traced to this basic one. Neuro imaging research shows terror management theory provides a useful framework for studying brain activity related to death anxiety Research also shows that older adults present an existential threat for the younger and middle-aged adults because they remind us all that our bodies are fallible, death is inescapable, our body is fallible, and managing death anxiety is transitory (hence why some people do cosmetic procedures as a way to deal with their death anxiety). Older adults have less death anxiety than younger adults - life review has something to do with this, because older adults engage in the process. Men show greater fear than women, but women have more specific fears about dying. To deal with death anxiety one must live life to the fullest, enjoy what you have, have few regrets, personal reflection and education. Furthermore, research shows teenagers, especially males, engage in risky behaviour that is correlated with low death anxiety

Answer 264

By 2030 The US will see a disproportionate number of older to younger adults, with baby boomers officially reaching old age. The proportion of older adults will have doubled, with Gen X being significantly smaller and Millennials feeling the effects (leaving a potential for intergenerational conflict). These older adults are more educated, politically informed and be familiar with a high complex society. A comfortable retirement will be viewed as a right not a privilege - without having the financial savings necessary to support those expectations. The dependency ratio of workers to retirees will fall from its current level of roughly 3:1 to 2:1. This means to maintain the level of benefits in programs such as Social Security, the working members of society will have to pay significantly higher taxes than workers do now. There will continue to be an increase in divorce which means fewer older adults will have family members available to care for them, placing a significantly greater burden on society for care. There will be a rapid increase of ethnic minority older adults and it will force a reconsideration of issues such as discrimination and access to health care, goods, and services. Social security and medicare are the two most pressing issues. without changes to spending patterns by 2030 expenditures for these programs will continue to increase and consume a bulk of the budget, forcing the government to make difficult decisions. An increasing number of adults now use social security as their primary income source instead of supplemental income, again causing a financial drain on the system. By the time 2030 comes there will be almost twice as many people collection social security per worker who is paying into the system. We are blessed in Canada for having health care that is covered by our OHIP, and we have been better equipped to deal with the shift from the baby boomers. However, in Canada there is debate about filling in the CPP gap in the future years as only 1/3 of Canadians have an employer pension plan, and roughly little to no savings by way of RRSP. Our CPP is one of the biggest pension funds in the world and it 2010 the Government said that the CPP would be able to remain stable for at least 75 years.

Test Bank Questions chapter 1-14 Flashcards

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