Test: Ch 11A-12 Classification and Microbiology

Question 1

The science of classifying organisms into groups

Answer 1

Taxonomy

Question 2

Finding out what group to which an organism belongs

Answer 2

Identification

Question 3

A classification system with 2 groups: plants and animals

Answer 3

Aristotle’s classification system

Question 4

A classification system with plant and animal kingdoms and divided kingdoms into different levels

Answer 4

Linnaeus’ classification system

Question 5

Classification group

Answer 5

Taxa

Question 6

Saying for current taxa:

Answer 6

Do kangaroos prefer cake or frosting generally speaking?

Question 7

What are the domains?

Answer 7

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

Question 8

What is binomial nomenclature?

Answer 8

Two named, naming system
Created by: Linnaeus

Question 9

What is binomial nomenclature made up of?

Answer 9

Genus and species

Question 10

Why did Linnaeus choose Latin? (some Greek)

Answer 10

-“Dead” language so that it wouldn’t be constantly changing
-Known by scholars
-Descriptive language

Question 11

A group of similar organisms

Answer 11

Species

Question 12

Rules for Species:

Answer 12

1. structurally similar but do have a degree of variation
2. Organisms can breed and produce viable and fertile offspring under natural conditions

Question 13

What is the meaning of the word Archaea?

Answer 13

Comes from the Greek word “Arkhaios” which means ancient

Question 14

Cell type of Archaea

Answer 14

Prokaryotic

Question 15

Cell structure of Archaea

Answer 15

-Cell walls
-NO peptidoglycan
-contain isoprene

Question 16

Cellular organization of Archaea

Answer 16

Unicellular, may form colonies

Question 17

Nutrition of Archaea

Answer 17

Heterotrophic or autotrophic

Question 18

Examples of Archaea

Answer 18

-Halophiles
-thermophiles
-acidophiles
-methanogens

Question 19

Why was “Domain” created?

Answer 19

Because of genetic differences between organisms (Woese)

Question 20

A scientist who studies microscopic organisms

Answer 20

Microbiologist

Question 21

A scientist who studies microscopic organisms

Answer 21

Microbiologist

Question 22

Name and describe one important use/function of bacteria:

Answer 22

Bacteria carry out the process to make foods like yogurt or buttermilk.

Question 23

Size of bacteria compared to eukaryotic cells:

Answer 23

1000 times smaller

Question 24

What are the covering structures of a Bacterial cell?

Answer 24

-Cell membrane
-Cell walls
-Capsule

Question 25

Phospholipid bilayer that controls the flow of substances into and out of cells

Answer 25

Cell membrane

Question 26

Outside the cell membrane, contains peptidoglycan

Answer 26

Cell walls

Question 27

Sticky carbohydrate coating around the cell wall (thin or thick)

Answer 27

Capsule

Question 28

Functions of capsules:

Answer 28

Protection from: -Desiccation -Substances entering the cell -Attack by immune cells of host

Question 29

Staining method used to classify bacteria by the amount of peptidoglycan present in the cell wall

Answer 29

Gram staining

Question 30

Purple, high amount (in gram staining)

Answer 30

gram positive

Question 31

Pink, small amount (in gram staining)

Answer 31

Gram negative

Question 32

Gram staining-staining method used to classify bacteria by the amount of ________ in the cell wall.

Answer 32

Peptidoglycan

Question 33

Genetic structures:

Answer 33

-Double stranded circular chromosome -Plasmids

Question 34

Small circular DNA chromosomes -Only carry a few genes (often nonessential -Some are useful in antibiotic resistance and resistance to chemicals

Answer 34

Plasmids

Question 35

A genetic structure found in the nucleoid region.

Answer 35

One double-stranded circular chromosome

Question 36

Long threadlike structures formed from flagellin

Answer 36

Flagella

Question 37

Asexual reproduction in which the bacterial chromosome replicates and the cell divides into 2 daughter cells

Answer 37

Binary Fission

Question 38

What are conditions for optimal bacterial growth?

Answer 38

Each bacteria has special environments and conditions in which they can grow and multiply.

Question 39

What are some ways to stop or slow the growth of bacteria?

Answer 39

Keeping hot things hot (kills bacteria)

Question 40

Parameters of specificity:

Answer 40

-Moisture -Temperature -pH -Nutrition

Question 41

What are the ways genetic information can move/transfer in bacteria?

Answer 41

-Conjugation -Transformation -Transduction

Question 42

The natural process of genetic transfer in bacteria

Answer 42

Conjugation

Question 43

Living bacteria take up another bacteria's DNA that is free in the environment

Answer 43

Transformation

Question 44

Genetic material from one bacterium is transferred to another bacterium by a bacteriophage.

Answer 44

Transduction

Question 45

Structures of viruses

Answer 45

-Core -Caspid -Envelope

Question 46

Are viruses alive? Give evidence.

Answer 46

Viruses are not alive because: -They cannot metabolize their own energy -They can only reproduce using the cell's machinery

Question 47

Viruses can only infect certain cells of certain organisms=

Answer 47

Viral specificity

Question 48

What kind of core does COVID-19 have?

Answer 48

RNA

Question 49

What kind of cycle does COVID-19 have?

Answer 49

Lyctic

Question 50

A virus that infects only certain bacteria.

Answer 50

Bacteriophage

Question 51

What is HIV?

Answer 51

An RNA retrovirus

Question 52

Why do we need Binomial Nomenclature?

Answer 52

So that scientists can have a common language to talk about an organism.

Question 53

T/F colonies can be used to ID a bacteria

Answer 53

True

Question 54

Assigning an organism to a particular group according to its characteristics.

Answer 54

Classification