Test: chap 16, 24-26

Question 1

Techniques of language, speakers use it to express their ideas and achieve their speech purpose

Answer 1

rhetorical devices

Question 2

The willingness to learn about other cultures and gradually reshape your thinking and behavior in response to what you’ve learned

Answer 2

cultural intelligence

Question 3

Language that is specific, tangible, and definite.

Answer 3

concrete language

Question 4

Language that is general or nonspecific

Answer 4

abstract language

Question 5

Includes similes, metaphors, and analogies, make striking comparisons that help listeners visualize, identify with, and understand the speakers ideas

Answer 5

figures of speech

Question 6

Explicitly compares one thing to another, using like or as

Answer 6

simile

Question 7

Compares two things, but does so by describing one thing as actually being the other

Answer 7

metaphor

Question 8

Predictable and stale

Answer 8

cliched

Question 9

Those that juxtapose or compare unlike images or expressions

Answer 9

mixed metaphors

Question 10

An extended metaphor or simile that compares an unfamiliar concept or process to a more familiar one to help listeners understand the unfamiliar one

Answer 10

analogy

Question 11

Endowing abstract ideas or inanimate objects with human qualities

Answer 11

personification

Question 12

The imitation of natural sounds in word form

Answer 12

onomatopoeia

Question 13

When the subject performs the action

Answer 13

active voice

Question 14

Unnecessary questions that are appended to statements or commands

Answer 14

tag questions

Question 15

The speaker repeats a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences

Answer 15

anaphora

Question 16

The repetition of the same sounds, usually initial consonants, in two or more neighboring words or syllables.

Answer 16

alliteration

Question 17

When alliteration is poorly crafted

Answer 17

hackneyed

Question 18

The arrangement of words, phrases, or sentences in a similar form

Answer 18

parallelism

Question 19

Setting off two ideas in balanced opposition to each other to create a powerful effect

Answer 19

antithesis

Question 20

Three parallel elements

Answer 20

triads

Question 21

Are meant to influence the audience’s attitudes, beliefs, and values

Answer 21

persuasive speeches

Question 22

Persuasion is the Greek word meaning what?

Answer 22

“to believe”

Question 23

Persuasive speeches attempt to influence what?

Answer 23

audience choices, limit alternatives, and seek a response

Question 24

A complex psychological process of reasoning and emotion

Answer 24

persuasion

Question 25

Proof by reason

Answer 25

logos

Question 26

A 3-part argument consisting of a general case, a specific case, and a logical conclusion

Answer 26

syllogism

Question 27

Reasoning from a general condition to a specific instance

Answer 27

deductive reasoning

Question 28

An attempt to support a claim by asserting that a particular piece of evidence is true for all individuals or conditions concerned

Answer 28

hasty overgeneralization

Question 29

An argument that moves from a specific instance to a general condition

Answer 29

inductive reasoning

Question 30

A syllogism presented as a probability rather than an absolute

Answer 30

enthymeme

Question 31

An argument that moves from a specific instance to a general condition

Answer 31

inductive reasoning

Question 32

Proof by emotion

Answer 32

pathos

Question 33

What are the 3 elements based on Ethos?

Answer 33

good sense, moral character, and good will

Question 34

What must the message effectively target in a persuasive speech?

Answer 34

1) audience members needs 2)their underlying motivations for feelings and acting as they do 3) their likely approach to mentally processing the persuasive message

Question 35

List Maslow's Hierarchy of needs from bottom to top?

Answer 35

physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, self-esteem needs, self-actualization needs

Question 36

According to _______________ theory, each of us consciously evaluates the potential costs and benefits associated with taking a particular action

Answer 36

expectancy-outcome values

Question 37

Each of us mentally processes persuasive messages by one of 2 routes, depending on the degree of our involvement in the message

Answer 37

elaboration likelihood model (ELM)

Question 38

When we are motivated and able to think critically about the content of the message.

Answer 38

central processing

Question 39

When we lack the motivation to pay close attention to the issues

Answer 39

peripheral processing

Question 40

What are the 3 factors of speaker credibility?

Answer 40

expertise, trustworthiness, and speaker similarity

Question 41

The process of proving inferences or conclusions from evidence

Answer 41

reasoning

Question 42

Based on solid evidence backed by credible sources, and avoids logical fallacies

Answer 42

sound reasoning

Question 43

A stated position, with support for or against an idea or issue

Answer 43

argument

Question 44

States the speaker's conclusion about some issue

Answer 44

claim

Question 45

Confirms that the claim is true or valid

Answer 45

evidence

Question 46

Provides reasons that the evidence is valid or supports the claim

Answer 46

warrant

Question 47

When formulating an argument what do you do?

Answer 47

write the claim, list possible evidence, and write corresponding warrants or justifications

Question 48

Focus on whether something is or is not true or whether something will or will not happen

Answer 48

claims of fact

Question 49

Probable answers for questions which answers are not yet available

Answer 49

speculative claims

Question 50

Addresses issues of judgement

Answer 50

claims of value

Question 51

When recommending that a specific course of action be taken, or approved of, by an audience

Answer 51

claims of policy

Question 52

Any information in support of a clam that originates with sources other than the audience of the speaker

Answer 52

external evidence

Question 53

Use the needs, desires, emotions, and values or audience members as the basis for accepting some evidence as support for a claim, and thus accepting the claim itself.

Answer 53

motivational warrants

Question 54

Relies on an audience's beliefs about the credibility or acceptability of a source of evidence

Answer 54

authoritative warrants

Question 55

Operate on the basis of the audience's beliefs about the reliability of factual evidence

Answer 55

substantive warrants

Question 56

Offer a chase-and-effect relationship as proof of the claim

Answer 56

warrants by cause

Question 57

Imply that such a close relationship exists between two variables that the presence or absence of one may be taken as an indication of the presence or absence of the other

Answer 57

warrants by sign

Question 58

Compare two similar cases and imply that what is true in one case is true in the other

Answer 58

warrants by analogy

Question 59

Anticipates counterarguments and then addresses or rebuts them

Answer 59

inoculation effect

Question 60

Either a false or erroneous statement or an invalid or deceptive line or reasoning

Answer 60

logical fallacy

Question 61

Poses an argument stated in terms of two alternatives only, even though there may be many additional alternatives

Answer 61

either-or fallacy

Question 62

Targets a person instead of the issue at hand in an attempt to incite an audience's dislike for that person

Answer 62

ad hominem argument

Question 63

The speaker's argument relies on irrelevant premises for its conclusion

Answer 63

red herring fallacy

Question 64

The argument uses an isolated instance to make an warranted general conclusion

Answer 64

hasty generalization

Question 65

"Do not follow"; that is, the argument's conclusion does not connect to the reasoning

Answer 65

non sequiturs

Question 66

He or she is making a faulty assumption that one case will lead to a series of events or actions

Answer 66

slippery slope

Question 67

Phrase arguments to suggest that the audience should agree with the claim because that is the way it has always been done

Answer 67

appeal to tradition