Test concepts

Question 0

5 principles of natural selection

Answer 0

1] variation exists within population
2] some variations favor the survival of an organism
3] overpopulation leads to competition
4] survivors may pass down favorable traits
5] long period of time allow for small changes to accumulate & contribute to survival adaptation

Question 1

Charles Darwin + his voyage

Answer 1

English naturalist that proposed the theory of natural selection

His voyage on the HMS Beagle to the Galápagos Islands suggested that species were related but varied differently after being isolated on different islands

Question 2

Principle of use/disuse

Answer 2

States that the part that is used more is more accentuated and the part not used becomes less defined and may ultimately disappear

Question 3

Catasrophism

Answer 3

Sudden death of certain species from a natural disaster and new species move in

Question 4

Lamarck

Answer 4

Parts adapt to suit their circumstances and in then pass those certain adaptations down to their offspring
- wrong because there is not a 100% chance they will pass down the trait

Question 5

Fossil record

Answer 5

Collective record of the earths organisms

- showed how certain organisms and structures changed over time

Question 6

Major influences on Darwin

Answer 6

• Lyell- principles of geology
• Malthus- essay on human population
• Voyage on HMS Beagle
• Collected specimens/domestic breeding

Question 7

Lamarck’s idea of inheritance of acquired traits

Answer 7

Species will adapt and then pass on those traits to their offspring

Question 8

B/w theory and hypothesis

Answer 8

Theory- collection of proven hypothesis

Question 9

Micro evolution

Answer 9

Changes/varieties within a given type

Question 10

Macro evolution

Answer 10

Evolutionary change on a grand scale

- apes to humans

Question 11

Biogeography

Answer 11

Distribution of modern organisms and fossils support descent with modification

Question 12

Anatomy

Answer 12

Studies of structures after birth

Question 13

Homologous structures

Answer 13

Different organisms share similar body parts/structures of a common ancestor

Results from DE

Question 14

Divergent evolution

Answer 14

Individuals of a certain species may respond in different ways to selective environmental pressures causing then to vary in natural selection

Question 15

Analogous structures

Answer 15

Similar structures in organisms that had a different ancestry
- result if CE

Question 16

Convergent evolution

Answer 16

Unrelated ancestral lines exhibit similar evolutionary changes caused by environmental selective pressures
- results in similar body plans/structures

Question 17

Vestigial structures

Answer 17

Organs that don’t have an fund took in an organism but did have function in that organism’s ancestors

Question 18

Taxonomic levels

Answer 18

KINGDOM
PHYLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES

Question 19

Artificial selection

Answer 19

Selective breeding

If done consistently the individual Witt the favored traits will eventually outnumber the others

Question 20

Prezygotic isolating mechanisms

Answer 20

Prevent formation of a zygote

Question 21

Temporal isolation

Answer 21

Species have different breeding seasons

Question 22

Geographic isolation

Answer 22

Species physically separated

- no opportunity to hybrid

Question 23

Ecological isolation

Answer 23

2 species in the same area but different portions of habitats
- do not encounter each other

Question 24

Behavioral isolation

Answer 24

Courtship and mating rituals differ and keep species distinct

Question 25

Mechanical isolation

Answer 25

Structural differences prevent mating

Question 26

Gamete incompatibility

Answer 26

Union of gametes may be prevented | - if gametes fail to attract one another or function properly

Question 27

Postzygotic isolating mechanisms

Answer 27

Prevent proper development of functioning of zygotes after they are formed

Question 28

Post IMechanisms

Answer 28

* developmental problems * reduced fitness * reduced fertility

Question 29

5 assumptions for hardy Weinburg

Answer 29

* no mutation * no input of new alleles * large population size [100] * random mating * no natural selection

Question 30

Hardy Weinberg

Answer 30

P+Q=1 then (p+q)^2 = p^2 +2pq + q^2

Question 31

Directional selection

Answer 31

Selection against one phenotypic extreme

Question 32

Stabilizing election

Answer 32

Selection against both phenotypic extremes | •most common type of selection b/c it is associated w/ the adaption to the environment

Question 33

Disruptive selection

Answer 33

Selection for both phenotypic extreme •most responsible for divergent evolution •process that leads to speciation

Question 34

Bottleneck effect

Answer 34

When an event or a catastrophe drastically reduces the # of organisms in a population •variations and allele frequency may be reduced •severe reduction in total genetic diversity of the original gene pool

Question 35

Founder effect

Answer 35

Combinations of alleles occur at a higher frequency in a population that has been isolated from a large population

Question 36

Gradualism

Answer 36

``` Slow steady change over time / / / / ```

Question 37

Punctuated equilibrium

Answer 37

Steady periods w/ great changes [natural catastrophe] ___ | ___ |

Question 38

Hominid characteristics

Answer 38

``` •bipedal [foramen magnum] •skull attaches inferiorly -spinal cord is more curved and exits from the bottom of the skull •broader bowl-shaped pelvis •lower limbs are longer than the upper limbs •spine S-shaped •femur angled in •absent sagital crest •high cranial capacity •small canine teeth •absent brow ridge ```

Question 39

Pongid characteristics

Answer 39

``` •evolved walking knuckle-walking •spinal cord exits posteriorly -skull attaches posteriorly •long narrow pelvis •upper and lower limbs both bear the body's weight •walk on all fours •spine slightly surged •very prominent sagital crest •lower cranial capacity •large canine teeth •prominent brow ridge Tetrapods [foramen magnum] ```

Question 40

Mutualism

Answer 40

Both organisms benefit

Question 41

Commensalism

Answer 41

One organism benefits | One organism is unaffected

Question 42

Parasitism

Answer 42

One organism benefits | One organism is harmed

Question 43

Predation

Answer 43

One organism benefits | One organism is killed

Question 44

Timeline of human evolution ``` A A R hE H nC S ```

Answer 44

``` A. Afarensis A. Africanus H. Rudolfensis - H. Habilis H. Erectus H. Heidelborgensis H. Sapien cromagnum - H. Neanderthal H. Sapien Sapien ```