Test II Flashcards
(58 cards)
1
Q
France v. England in (prewar) in North America
A
- France’s empire expanding through the 1700’s- Built forts for trade along the Mississippi River, from Canada to Louisiana
- Britian’s empire stretching along eastern seaboard- growing from natural increase
2
Q
Albany Congress
A
Summer 1754 -proposed by Benjamin Franklin 2 goals -obtain an alliance with the Iroquois -create an inter-colonial alliance Both goals fail
3
Q
Fort Duquesne
A
- Takes place after the Albany Congress
- George Washington leads attack on Fort Duquesne
- Fails-pushed back to Fort Necessity where Defeated
- Assumed his military career was over
4
Q
Results of attack on Fort Duquesne
A
Began in American backcountry and spread all over the world.
5
Q
The Seven Years War
A
- First World War: Britain and Prussia vs. France, Spain, and Austria
- Fought all over the world
- Started with washingtons defeat at Fort Necessity
6
Q
The French and Indian War
A
- North America portion of The Seven Years War
- British Army and Colonial Militia vs. French professional army and their Native American allies
7
Q
St. Lawrence River
A
French and Indian war
- July 1758
- Important victory for British
- gave control over Ohio River Valley
8
Q
Quebec
A
French and Indian War
- 1759
- British Victory
9
Q
Montreal
A
French and Indian war
- 1760
- British Victory
- war over in North America
10
Q
Treaty of Paris
A
1763
-ended The French and Indian War
11
Q
Terms of Treaty of Paris
A
- French agree to leave North America
- British get control of all land east of the Mississippi River as well as florida
- Spain would have control of territory west of the Mississippi as well as New Orleans
12
Q
Why does spain gain land after the French and Indian War?
A
Spain is too strong so once France is defeated a treaty is signed
-Treaty of Paris 1763
13
Q
What and Why was American Expectations from Britain following the French and Indian War?
A
Colonial Military helped Britain successfully win control of North America so had expectations:
- Recognition for their help
- Low or no taxes as reward
- Access to the Ohio River Valley
14
Q
Britain Expectations for America after French and Indian War?
A
Faced with Huge debt:
- Thought colonists lacked bravery
- Colonies least taxed in all British Empire:
- Logical to Tax colonies after protecting them from the French
15
Q
Pontiac’s War
A
(1760-1763)
Continuation of the war after French defeat
Result of war:
-Britain looking to avoid conflict with the indians
16
Q
Proclamation Line of 1763
A
- Result of Pontiac’s War
- line drawn down the Appalachians: West of Line Indian Territory
- Colonists upset because they wanted the land
17
Q
First Steps towards Britain/American conflict
A
- Proclamation Line of 1763
- British Army left in colonies
- colonists offended by occupation and thought the army was meant to keep them out of indian territory
18
Q
Tariff
A
duty on trade, the purpose of which is primarily to regulate the flow of commerce (mercantilism)
19
Q
Tax
A
Duty on trade or a duty on items circulating within a nation or a colony intended primarily to raise revenue (to raise money)
20
Q
Sugar Tax
A
(1764) Grenville’s Taxes
- lowered the tax on foreign molasses, but cracked down on smuggling; implicit purpose to raise money.
21
Q
Quartering Act
A
(1765) Grenville’s Taxes
- colonists would be forced to house the British troops in the colonies; would alleviate the cost for the British government to keep troops overseas
22
Q
Stamp Act
A
(1764) Grenville’s Taxes
- tax on anything done on paper
23
Q
The Enlightenment
A
- Intellectual movement (upper class)
- Americans and Europeans
- Sought Scientific rather then supernatural explanations
- Find out Earths “natural” and “Social” laws
24
Q
Influences of the Enlightement
A
Technology -Printing press Renaissance -Uncovering old ways of exploration Scientific discoveries Issues with Religion -Protestant Reformation
25
Philosophes
Philosophers of the enlightenment
26
John Locke
English Philosphe
people in country give power to the country
-as opposed to God
27
Jean Jacque Rousseau
- French Philosphe
| - Government had a duty to represent the "general will" of the people
28
Social contract
Developed through ideas of John Locke and Jean Jacque Rousseau
- Government owes people and should represent their "general will"
- The people are owed this because they voted them into office
29
Deism
a god created world "Designed" the world. Then set it up with natural laws to govern itself.
- Jefferson creates Deism Bible
- cuts out all passages that had reference to a Miracle
30
Great Awakening
- series of Religious revivals in the colonies, deepening the influence of older forms of Protestant Christianity
- Backlash to Enlightenment
- Emerged in 1730's out of methodist revival in England
- Appealed to emotion rather then reason
- preach reason and your salvation is at risk
- New Birth
31
Jonathan Edwards
- American minister
- "sinners in the hands of an angry god" sermon
- message of repentance through fear; an emotional experience
32
George Whitefield
- Very Emotional Speaker
- reject new message of Church- return to the older ways, older traditions
- visited every colony
33
How is The Great Awakening Unifying
-All colonies participated- shared experience
34
How was the Great Awakening Divisive?
- Further splintered the church into several more protestant sects
- Worsened tension between Backcountry and East
- Baptist and other sects challenge authority of aristocracy- reject privilege within the church; next step to reject it in society.
35
Triangular Trade
- Slaves shipped from Africa to Americas
- Colonies shipped Britain Raw Materials
- Britain Shipped Manufactured goods to Americas and Africa
36
British Government
King and Parliament
37
British Parliament has 2 houses
Upper: House of Lords
Lower: House of Commons (nominated by Upper house mainly)
38
Colonial Government
Royal Governor
-King's direct representative in the colonies
Colonial Assemblies
-Considered less corrupt than Britain's own Parliament
-50-70% of colonial white male population could vote
-based on land ownership
39
Benign Neglect
policy pursued by the British empire in governing its American colonies until the end of the civil war; unaware or non-interfering in colonial affairs.
40
Why was it too difficult for the colonies to have representatives in the British Parliament?
Britain too far away for a colonial representative to effectively represent the colony in Parliament.
-Colonial Assemblies had previously passed all taxes and laws concerning the colonies.
41
The Opposition
a diverse group of political thinkers and writers in Britain who pushed republicanism; suspicious of power, claimed representative government safeguarded liberty more reliably than a monarchy or oligarchy.
42
Resistance to the Stamp Act
First display of colonial unity
- colonial assemblies passed resolve rejecting Parliament's claim of right to tax the colonies; petitioned king to repeal the act.
- Tarred and feathered tax collectors
- November 1, 1765, the day the act was to take effect, all tax collectors resigned
- Grenville replaced with new Lord of Treasury, who repealed the act in 1766
43
Virtual Representation
Americans virtually represented in that Parliament and it's representatives had the best interest for the colonists in mind when making the law or passing taxes.
44
Colonists response to Virtual Representation
Actual Representation
- people can only be represented by people they have elected to office.
- Elected officials directly responsible to the people who voted for them.
45
Declaratory Act
Summer 1766
| -Parliament passed- claimed the right to tax the colonies.
46
William Pitt
Summer 1766- appointed Lord of Treasury
- Sympathetic to the Americans
- dies
47
Townshend Acts
1767- tax on tea, Paper, Paint, glass, and lead.
| -Royal Governor enforced taxes, used to pay his salary
48
Sons of Liberty
response to the Townshend Acts
- Lawyers, newspaper owners, doctors, merchants- those most affected by the taxes
- organized mobs, boycotts, wrote pamphlets convincing colonists of their need to resist.
49
The Conspiracy Theory
- belief based on ideas of property held by the Opposition- that property held the key to individual freedom.
- Claimed Britain was taking away colonists' freedom one tax at a time; give into one and you'll end up enslaved
50
Boston Massacre
1770
- British soldiers taking already scarce jobs
- Colonists upset over quartering act
- March 5: Crowd gathered outside customs house.
- Customs house guarded by soldiers- violence strike- 5 dead
51
who defends the british soldiers in court after the Boston Massacre?
John Adams
52
Tea Act
- Parliament feel pressure to revoke the Townshend Act- Repeal everything except a tax on tea
- 1773- The Tea Act; Tea becomes cheaper for colonists
53
Colonist response to Tea Act of 1773
Colonists in Boston petition Royal Governor in town meeting over 90,000 lbs of tea sitting unloaded in Boston Harbor
-50 men dressed as indians went on board the ship and destroyed the tea dumpling it overboard
54
British Response to the Boston Tea Party
Coercive Acts 1774 (Intolerable Acts)
55
Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts)
- Shut down Boston Harbor until colonists repaid East India Tea Co.
- Disbanded the colonial assemblies and handed government to royal officials
- Shut down local courts
- Enforced quartering Act on all colonists, not just Massachusetts
56
The First Continental Congress
September 1774, 55 delegates meet in Philadelphia to discuss an inter-colonial approach to dealing with Britain
- Agreed to colony-wide boycott on tea
- Declared loyalty to the King and asked for return to the way things were prior to 1763
57
Lexington & Concord
- British troops in Boston learn of rebel militias stockpiling weapons at Concord; planned to march from Boston to Concord to destroy the arsenal.
- Rebel militia hears of planned march, and decide to make a show of force at Lexington
- British show up and someone shoots
- "shot heard around the world"
58
Common Sense
Thomas Paine January of 1776
- introduced idea of independence to American colonists with:
- "plain, simple facts"
- Mother country Killing own children (Lexington and Concord)
- Britain was an Island ruling over a continent
