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Urbanization > Test II > Flashcards

Test II Flashcards

1
Q

Why invest in the built environment?

A

If the built environment is not renewed and extended, the economy will stagnate and social tensions will develop

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2
Q

What is at the core of capitalism?

A

city building

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3
Q

What creates investment opportunities?

A

the relationship between: the supply of property, interest rates, and profit rates from existing investments

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4
Q

When does demand lead to new investment?

A

when interest rates are high, there are no current investments, and a shortage of housing

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5
Q

When does decreased supply lead to investment?

A

when interest rates are high, there is no current investment, and housing supply is plentiful

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6
Q

When does overbuilding lead to investment?

A

when interest rates are low, there’s a shortage of housing, and a boom in demand

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7
Q

Do interest rates normally vary within metropolitan areas?

A

no, but other market conditions do vary.

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8
Q

What to invest for in a built environment(2 things)

A

parcels of undeveloped property

property devalued by age

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9
Q

Where does investment flow?

A

to locations where other things being equal rate of return will be the highest

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10
Q

What big community change occurred in the 1930s?

A

Community builders pioneered restrictions mandating uniform approach to subdivisions

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11
Q

What big community change occurred after WWII?

A

They extended the uniform approach feature to developments for middle income home buyers

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12
Q

New trends

A

niche marketing

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13
Q

what is important about interest bearing capital?

A

it circulates through the land market continuously in search of higher future ground rate

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14
Q

What did globalization do?

A

increased differentiation between localities. property owners need to respond rationally to market conditions.

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15
Q

who makes land development decisions?

A

mostly land owners and speculators

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16
Q

Types of landowners

A

landed estates
industrial
financial ownership

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17
Q

Types of speculators

A

serendipitous
active
structural

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18
Q

developers’ role

A

decide site selection and project concepts. they also determine feasibility, organize project

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19
Q

what gives the largest builders a leg up?

A

they have access to the land capital, alliances, product innovation and geographic diversification

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20
Q

what role do consumers play

A

they represent the demand side of the development process. consumers preferences are frequently manipulated by investors, and citizens protest over development projects.

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21
Q

what role do facilitators and markets play

A

this includes a wide range of specialized experts involved in land development. it included public-private partnerships, and federal policy can be a critical factor for urban development as activity becomes more international and less local.

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22
Q

Name some examples of ways that urban development isn’t just local business anymore

A

Movement from Fordism to market niches
Medical centers have become “malls”
Group housing for elderly population

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23
Q

2 ways neighborhoods change

A

Population changes

Environmental changes

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24
Q

Depreciation curve: who does it affect most? What is it?

A

It affects neighborhoods the most. It is the most obvious aspect of neighborhood change and consists of physical deterioration of housing stock.

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25
Q

How long does the depreciation curve take to complete?

A

About 60 years

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26
Q

The depreciation curve depends on what?

A

Quality of initial construction, level of maintenance

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27
Q

What sets the preconditions for social change in an urban area?

A

Unevenness of wear and care

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28
Q

________ + ________=better house value and last

A

Better initial quality

Regular maintenance

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29
Q

If you find your house is falling apart, what two options do you have?

A

Sell it for cheaper sale value

Fix it and improve sale value

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30
Q

A main reason people buy fixer uppers?

A

To be able to afford the house

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31
Q

technological obsolescence

A

occurs when equipment of housing and neighborhood infrastructure are outmoded

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32
Q

Structural obsolescence

A

The nature of housing becomes unsuited for contemporary needs

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33
Q

Filtering

A

bring about a changing composition of new inhabitants; initiated by construction of new dwellings for the wealthy

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34
Q

changes in neighborhoods are?

A

opportunities for investment

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35
Q

Disinvestment

A

deliberately neglecting routine maintenance, putting properties on the market, or abandoning them

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36
Q

Residential mobility is a ___________

A

link between the individual household and the social structure

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37
Q

Pattern of choices regarding RM is?

A

constrained by a set of spatial opportunities and households biography

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38
Q

The longer people are in a dwelling, the _____ likely they are to move.

A

less

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39
Q

Interubran moves: where do low income households go?

A

central cities and suburbs, including ethnic neighborhoods

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40
Q

Interurban moves: where do high incomes go?

A

to newest suburbs and interested in resale value

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41
Q

Interurban moves

A

long distance moves

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42
Q

Intraurban moves

A

66% of all moves take place within a short distance

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43
Q

What are interurban moves motivated by?

A

housing quality, determined by SES

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44
Q

Intraurban moves are important why?

A

they preserve local cities

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45
Q

What are intraurban moves motivated by?

A

housing type, determined by family status

46
Q

Moves are governed by what types of factors?

A

push and pull

47
Q

Alternatives to moves?

A

adjustments to your dwelling or the household itself

48
Q

what factors is the search process of finding a new dwelling linked to?

A

SES, time, willingness to compromise

49
Q

eminent domain

A

land assembled for big project, people are forced to move

50
Q

most moves are _______, the second most are _______, and the least amount of moves are ________.

A

voluntary
induced
Forced

51
Q

Use value of housing

A

Shelter, privacy, status, environmental quality, accessibility, equity value

52
Q

What can housing markets be delimited by?

A

a dwelling type, price range, and location

53
Q

reasons for growth in homeownership

A

Affordability, perception of benefits

54
Q

T or F. Most people have title to their homes.

A

False

55
Q

Recession caused?

A

people to have to pay higher mortgage than what their home was worth

56
Q

What happened to cities after the acts in the late 1930s?

A

they were nevertheless swamped by the increase in poverty and physical deterioration of inexpensive rental units; and public housing failed to deliver

57
Q

Beneficiaries after the acts of 1930s were what?

A

likely to be minorities

58
Q

people not working/lack of population stability lead to what?

A

rise of crime and moral deterioration, housing projects became slums

59
Q

project on the south side of chicago that was demolished in 2011

A

Cabrini Green

60
Q

Steering

A

illegal act of realtors deterring households or potential residents from moving into neighborhoods with households of different SES, ethnicity, race, or orientation

61
Q

What is the purpose of steering?

A

they want the customer to pay as much as possible; in a homogeneous environment so that they will recommend the realtor

62
Q

Which group is discriminated most against by realtors?

A

those with disabilities

63
Q

predatory lending

A

providing services to customers by unscrupulous marketing tactics

64
Q

Subprime lending

A

making loans to people who may have difficulty maintaining the repayment schedule; These loans are characterized by higher interest rates, poor quality collateral, and less favorable terms in order to compensate for higher credit risk

65
Q

Redlining

A

refuse (a loan or insurance) to someone because they live in an area deemed to be a poor financial risk.

66
Q

The allegiance of lenders goes to whom?

A

goes to investors instead of the borrowers

67
Q

What happens when a person cannot pay according to their obligation?

A

they are foreclosed

68
Q

T or F: number of forecloses has been growing over the decades

A

T

69
Q

Which type of loans are rates the highest?

A

subprime

70
Q

Where are subprime loans most concentrated?

A

minority and low income areas

71
Q

gentrification

A

characterized by invasion of higher income groups to working class neighborhoods, physical renovation of housing, transformation from renting to owning

72
Q

first group to gentrify?

A

LGBT community

73
Q

Economic Liberalism

A

the basic framework of municipal government was established
ISDs
main goal: sanitary lawful conditions
city run by those prominently born or who achieved commercial success

74
Q

John Phillips Boston

A

revised and standardized NY statutes during economic liberalism

75
Q

William Ogden

A

Chicago, invested money in the city and construction of the canal, cleaned up river

76
Q

Machine Politics

A

consisted of strong party organization that generated votes for favored candidates.rely on hierarchy and strong party bosses

77
Q

Which type of politics opened pandora’s box to corruption?

A

Machine politics

78
Q

Reform politics

A

cities to be run by experienced administrators who serve public interest; efficiency was boosted by annexation

79
Q

Which city was first to be run on a business model?

A

galveston TX

80
Q

which city was first to adopt the city manager form of city govt?

A

Staunton, VA

81
Q

NY politics revolved around who?

A

Richard Crocker

82
Q

Metropolitan Fragmentation (1920-1945)

A

Land use zoning made it impossible to keep undesirables out of the city, sociospatial segregation intensified, competitive politics

83
Q

Growth Machines

A

Renewal programs led to growth and private investment; blacks rose for collective actin, NIMBYism was born

84
Q

malapportionment

What is it and when was it a problem?

A

not correct representation of people

during growth machines period

85
Q

Gerrymandering

what is it and when was it a problem?

A

districts especially designed to exclude certain portions of the population; growth machines period

86
Q

Entrepreneurial politics

A

People paying for private services resent paying for the public ones they don’t use; cities focus on how to attract investment rather than deal with problems. city image > public good

87
Q

how do sales taxes affect residents?

A

they are a greater burden on poor people and those who work in the city

88
Q

Compulsory and free education was first established when and where?

A

MA 1851

89
Q

Permanent University Fund

A

contains land and provides support to UT and A&M university systems

90
Q

2 important characteristics of urban planning

A

Anticipatory and reactive; we must envision the future in order to make the best decisions

91
Q

Hippodamus of Miletus

A

first recorded urban planning, built with order and regularity

92
Q

14-17 century urban planning

A

purpose of urban design was to produce extravagant symbols of wealth and power

93
Q

Reasons for urban planning

A

create a more pleasing city, efficiency, accommodate all members, maintain property values, ensure environmental protection

94
Q

Frederick Law Olmsteaad

A

Introduced park architecture

95
Q

Ebenezer Howard

A

Wanted to improve quality of life; Garden City Movement and common ownership of land

96
Q

First garden city

A

Letchworth, England

97
Q

Clarence Perry

A

Radburn NJ; Perry’s Neighborhood Unit Concept (PNUC)

98
Q

Perry’s Neighboorhood Unit Concept (PNUC)

A

street hierarchy, school in the center of neighborhood, shopping on the periphery, dedicated park areas, cul de sac concept

99
Q

Criticism of PNUC

A

unintentional segregation, emphasis on physical environment as the main determinant in neighborhood building

100
Q

Patrick Geddes

A

Father of regional planning. Cities and regions have to be planned and managed together, he was concerned with finding an equilibrium among people and the environment. He worked at the planning of New Delhi

101
Q

Which city is built entirely upon Geddes’s city plan?

A

Tel Aviv

102
Q

Frank Lloyd Wright

A

Usonia
broad acre city
Open plans, horizontal lines

103
Q

Usonia

A

individualism and naturalism

104
Q

Broad acre city

A

dispersed settlement linked by highways

105
Q

Le Corbusier

A

City Towers: Cities and its architecture are machines for living; glass and concrete, commonly owned open space, clusters to be connected by highways and rail lines

106
Q

Daniel Burnham

A

City Beautiful Movement;

ideas of municipal art, civic improvement, and landscape design. Also introduced the chicago plan

107
Q

The City Practical

A

City should be an efficient spatial framework for economic and social life

108
Q

New Deal gave urban policy what

A

its modern shape

109
Q

Urban policy and planning needed to be addressed at a larger scale

A

Lewis Mumford

110
Q

Planning for urban growth and renewal: Europe

A

concern for unprecedented urban sprawl; introduction of green belts, slum clearance, and decentralization of of industry to new towns.

111
Q

High density and compact form, complex street patterns, town squares, major landmarks, low rise skyline, bustling downtowns

A

Europe

Urbanization (4 decks)

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