Test II: Body Structures-Neural and Epithelial Tissue

Question 0

Collections of cell and cell products that perform specific, limited functions

Answer 0

Tissue

Question 1

Hierarchy of body structures

Answer 1

Atoms
Molecules
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ systems
Organism

Question 2

4 types of tissue

Answer 2

• Epithelial tissue
• Connective tissue
• Muscle tissue
• Neural tissue

Question 3

Functions of epithelial tissue

Answer 3

• covers exposed surfaces
• lines internal passageways
• forms glands

Question 4

Functions of connective tissue

Answer 4

• fills internal spaces
• supports other tissues
• transports materials
• stores energy

Question 5

Functions of muscle tissue

Answer 5

• specialized for contraction

- skeletal muscle, heart muscle, and walls of hollow organs

Question 6

Functions of neural tissue (nervous/nerve tissue)

Answer 6

• Carries electrical signals from one part of the body to another
• specialized for conducting electrical pulses
• rapidly senses internal or external environment
• processes information ad controls responses

Question 7

Where is the neural tissue concentrated?

Answer 7

The central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)

Question 8

Two types of neural cells

Answer 8

Neurons and neuroglia

Question 9

Type of neural cell that perform electrical communication

Answer 9

Neurons/nerve cells

Question 10

Type of neural cell that are supporting cells which repair and supply nutrients to neurons

Answer 10

Neuroglia

Question 11

Functions of neuroglia

Answer 11

• maintain physical structure of tissues
• repair tissue framework after injury
• perform phagocytosis
• provide nutrients to neurons
• regulate the composition of the interstitial fluid surrounding neurons

Question 12

Part of neuron that conducts information to other cells

Answer 12

Axon

Question 14

Part of neuron that are contacted by other neurons

Answer 14

Dendrites

Question 14

Unequal charge across the plasma membrane

Answer 14

Transmembrane potential

Question 15

How are information transmitted?

Answer 15

Within each and between neurons

Question 16

Created when charges are separated

Answer 16

Potential difference

Question 17

What is the range of the resting potential?

Answer 17

-10 mV to -100mV depending on cell type

Question 18

70mV different between the inside and outside the cell

Answer 18

Resting potential

Question 19

Electrical charge across the membrane

Answer 19

membrane potential

Question 20

Exchanges three Na+ ions for 2 K+ ions

Answer 20

Sodium-potassium pump

Question 21

How does the resting potential exists?

Answer 21

Ions are concentrated on different sides of membrane:

• Na+ and Cl- outside the cell
• K+ and organic anions inside the cell

Question 22

How is the resting potential maintained?

Answer 22

Na+ ions are actively transported (this uses energy)

Question 23

Rapid depolarization of the membrane

Answer 23

Action potential (neuronal firing)

Question 24

Rapid depolarization

Answer 24

- when partial depolarization reaches the activation threshold, voltage-gated ion channels open - sodium ions rush in - the membrane potential channels from -70mV to +40mV

Question 25

Process of action potential

Answer 25

It starts at the axon hillock and passes quickly along the axon. The membrane is quickly repolarized to allow subsequent firing.

Question 26

Repolarization

Answer 26

- sodium ion channels close and become refractory - depolarization triggers opening of voltage-gated potassium ion channels - K+ ions rush out of the cell, repolarizing and then hyperpolarizing the membrane

Question 27

Process of resuming the resting potential

Answer 27

- potassium channels close - repolarization resets sodium ion channels - ions diffuse away from the area - sodium-potassium transporter maintains polarization - the membrane is now ready to "fire" again

Question 28

Layers of cells covering internal or externals surfaces

Answer 28

Epithelia

Question 29

Course of the action potential (all-or none)

Answer 29

1. The action potential begins with a partial depolarization (e.gb from voting of another neuron) 2. When the excitation threshold is reached there is a sudden depolarization. 3. This is followed rapidly by repolarization and a brief hyperpolarization. 4. There is a refractory period immediately at the action potential where no depolarization can occur.

Question 30

Structures that produce secretions

Answer 30

Glands

Question 31

Characteristics of epithelia

Answer 31

- cellularity (cell junction) - polarity (apical and basal surfaces) - attachment (basement membrane or basal lamina) - avascularity - regeneration

Question 32

Functions of epithelial tissue

Answer 32

1. Provide physical protection 2. Control permeability 3. Provide sensation 4. Produce specialized secretions (glandular epithelium)

Question 33

Specializations of epithelial cells

Answer 33

1. Move fluids over the epithelium (protection) 2. Move fluids through the epithelium (permeability) 3. Produce secretions (protection and messengers)

Question 34

Polarity of epithelial tissue

Answer 34

1. Apical surface (microvilli and cilia) | 2. Basolateral surface

Question 35

Apical surface that increases absorption or secretion

Answer 35

Microvilli

Question 36

Apical surface that moves fluid

Answer 36

Cilia/ciliated epithelium

Question 37

How is integrity of epithelial maintained?

Answer 37

1. Intercellular connections 2. Attachment to the basement membrane 3. Epithelial maintenance

Question 38

Intercellular connections

Answer 38

- CAMs (cell adhesion molecules) - transmembrane proteins - intercellular cement - proteoglycan - hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid) - glycosaminoglycans

Question 39

Form bonds with other cells

Answer 39

Cell junctions

Question 40

Types of cell junctions

Answer 40

1. Tight junctions 2. Gap junctions 3. Desmosomes

Question 41

Junction that provides connection between plasma membranes, prevents passage of water and isolates wastes in the lumen. Its adhesion belt attaches to terminal web.

Answer 41

Tight junction

Question 42

Junction that allow rapid communications, held together by channel proteins (junctional proteins, connexons), allows ions to pass and coordinate contractions in heart muscle.

Answer 42

Gap junctions

Question 43

Junction that has dense areas and intercellular cement.

Answer 43

Desmosomes

Question 44

Types of desmosomes

Answer 44

Spot desmosomes | Hemidesmosomes

Question 45

Type of desmosomes that tie cells together and allow bending and twisting

Answer 45

Spot desmosome

Question 46

Type of desmosome that attaches cells to the basal lamina

Answer 46

Hemidesmosome

Question 47

Type of squamous epithelia

Answer 47

Simple squamous epithelium Mesothelium Endothelium

Question 48

Type of squamous epithelial whose function is absorption and diffusion

Answer 48

Simple squamous epithelia

Question 49

Squamous epithelial that lines body cavities

Answer 49

Mesothelia

Question 50

Squamous epithelial that lines heart and blood vessels

Answer 50

Endothelium

Question 51

Classification of epithelia

Answer 51

Squamous epithelia | Glandular epithelia

Question 53

The only unicellular exocrine glands that are scattered among epithelia, ex. intestinal lining

Answer 53

Mucous (goblet) cells

Question 54

Structural classification of exocrine glands

Answer 54

Simple tubular (ex: intestinal glands) Simple could tubular (merocrine sweat glands) Simple branched tubular (gastric glands, mucous glands of esophagus, tongue, duodenum) Simple alveolar (acinar) Simple branched alveolar (sebaceous glands)

Question 55

Type of compound glands

Answer 55

Compound tubular Compound alveolar (acinar) Compound tubuloalveolar

Question 56

Examples of compound tubular

Answer 56

Mucous glands (in mouth) Bulbo-urethral glands (in male reproductive system) Testes (seminiferous tubules)

Question 57

Ex. of compound alveolar (Acinar)

Answer 57

mammary glands

Question 58

Ex. of compound tubuloalveolar

Answer 58

salivary glands glands of respiratory passages pancreas