Test II, Important

Question 1

WHat are the most commonly ingested Fatty Acids?

Answer 1

Triacylglycerols and liver converts them to storage fats

Question 2

Lingual Lipase

Answer 2

Digests short and medium chain FA in the mouth

Question 3

Gastric Lipase

Answer 3

Digests short and medium chain FA in the stomach

Question 4

Pancreatic lipase

Answer 4

Digests triacylglycerols in intestine.
Phospholipase: digest phospholipds
cholesterol esterase: digests cholesterol in intestin

Question 5

List the vitamins derived form fatty acids

Answer 5

A, D, E ,K

Question 6

Vitamin B 2 (riboflavin) is important for…?

Answer 6

functional in FAD, FMN. loss of results in dermatitis

Question 7

Vitamin B3 (niacin) deficiency

Answer 7

dermatitis, dementia. Functions as NAD and NADP

Question 8

Vitamin C (ascorbic Acid)

Answer 8

deficiency leads to scurvy. ascorbate is functional form

Question 9

Vitamin B1 (thiamine)

Answer 9

thiamine pyrophosphate is functional form. beriberi is result of deficiency

Question 10

Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)

Answer 10

Functions as coenzyme a.

fatigue, impaired coordination

Question 11

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

Answer 11

acts as pyridoxil phosphate.

peripheral neuropathy,

Question 12

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)

Answer 12

functions as adenosylcobalamin methylcobalamin

leads to pallor

Question 13

Biotin

Answer 13

Functional form.

muscle pains, dermatitis

Question 14

Folate

Answer 14

Tetrahydrofolate (THF)

lead to anemia, or DNA abnormality

Question 15

Vitamin D

Answer 15

Calcetriol is active form. Activated by UV from the skin or from intestine.
inhibited by calcitonin.
functions to increase blood Ca levels and phoshpate levels

Question 16

Vitamin K

Answer 16

Cofactor for gamma-carboxylase for clotting.

Warfarin inhibits activation of vitamin K

Question 17

Cu metal ion is required by what proteins? (5)

Answer 17

Cytochrome C Oxidase: e acceptor in ETC
Ferroxidase: convert Fe2--> Fe3
Superoxide dismutase: binds free O radical
Lysyl oxidase: Clotting factor
Tyrosinase: form melanin

Question 18

Proteins that require Fe as cofactor? (3)

Answer 18

Heme proteins
Cytochromes
Catalses/peroxidases

Question 19

Proteins that require Mg for cofactor (3)

Answer 19

ATPases: ATP–>ADP
Adenylate cyclase: convert ATP–> cAMP
Kinases: phosphate transfer

Question 20

Proteins that require Se as cofactor? (1)

Answer 20

Glutathione peroxidase: detox hydrogen peroxide

Question 21

Proteins that require Zn as cofactor? (6)

Answer 21

Superoxide dismutase: free radical O binder
Collagenase
Alcohol Dehydrogenase
Alkaline Phosphatase: mineralize bone salt
Transcription Factors
Carbonic Annhydrase: convert CO2HCO3

Question 22

What is the function of ferroportin?

Answer 22

Transfer Fe2+ out of enterocyte with low Fe levels occur.

Question 23

What does transferrin do in body?

Answer 23

Located in blood and carries Fe3+ to liver, spleen, bone marrow when Iron storage is low

Question 24

Isomer

Answer 24

Same molecular formula, different structure

Question 25

Diastereoisomer

Answer 25

Isomer that is not a mirror image

Question 26

Anomer

Answer 26

Isomer with different asymmetric C formed on ring closing

Question 27

Epimer

Answer 27

Isomer with a difference at one asymmetric C.

Question 28

What is starch made of?

Answer 28

Glucose polysaccharide of either Amylose: 1,4 bonds Amylopectin: 1,6 bonds

Question 29

Sucrose Structure

Answer 29

Glucose and Fructose with a 1,2 alpha, beta bond

Question 30

Maltose Structure

Answer 30

Glucose disaccharide, with 1,4 alpha, alpha bond

Question 31

Lactose Structure

Answer 31

Galactose-glucose structure with 1,4 alpha, alpha bond

Question 32

O antigen on blood is denoted with what sugar?

Answer 32

Only fucose of off Galactose, no specific recognizer

Question 33

A antigen is characterized by what?

Answer 33

GalNAc residue on Galactose. alpha, 1-3

Question 34

B antigen is characterized by what?

Answer 34

Galactose residue on the Galactose, alpha- 1,3

Question 35

GAG structure and importance to humans.

Answer 35

Contain - charges to attract Na, and water into the matrix. Preventing compression of area and providing support

Question 36

GLUT 1

Answer 36

high affinity for glucose. contained in RBC and brain

Question 37

GLUT 2

Answer 37

Low affinity for glucose. contained in Liver

Question 38

GLUT 3

Answer 38

located in neurons

Question 39

GLUT 4

Answer 39

reliant on insulin to bind in skeletal muscle, heart and adipose

Question 40

I Von Gierke Disease

Answer 40

Glycogen storage disease that affects the Glucose-6-phosphatase. Leads to hepatomegaly and hypoglycemia, hypouremia

Question 41

II Pompe

Answer 41

Mutation to alpha-1,4 glycosidase. | systemic, and leads to massive increase of glycogen

Question 42

V McArdle disease

Answer 42

Mutated Phosphorylase in the Muscle. | Limited to non-strenuous exercise

Question 43

VI Hers Disease

Answer 43

Mutation of phosphorylase in Liver. | Similar to I Von Gierke, less severe

Question 44

What are precursors of important molecules? such as glucagon, insulin

Answer 44

Amino acids. Also give rise to pyruvate/acetyl-Coa