Test IV Flashcards by Blake Langley

In general, where does planning occur in the limbic system?

The frontal and cingulate cortices

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the basic functions of the limbic system?

Planning, cognition, stress, fear, and memory

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In general, where does cognition occur in the limbic system?

The cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In general, where does stress processing occur in the limbic system?

The HPA axis, hippocampus, and amygdala

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In general, where does fear processing occur in the limbic system?

The amygdala

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In general, where does memory processing occur in the limbic system?

The hippocampus and entorhinal cortices

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the physiologic function of reticular formation?

Alerting and wakefulness (via the ascending reticular-activating system)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the anatomical function of reticular formation?

Modulation of wide brain areas (via reticular neurons)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In reticular formation, sensory input enters which nuclei?

Raphe and lateral nuclei

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

From where and to where do these neuromodulators project?: NE, dopamine, serotonin (5-HT), and ACh

NE: from locus ceruleus to cerebral cortex, brain stem, spinal cord, and cerebellum (… the CNS)
Dopamine: from substantia nigra and ventral tegmentum (midbrain) to PFC and basal ganglia
Serotonin: from raphe nucleus to cortex
ACh: from septum, nucleus basalis, and diagonal band of Broca to thalamus and cortex

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the function of the NE neuromodulatory pathway?

Attention selectivity under stress

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the function of the dopamine neuromodulatory pathway?

PFC: motivationally-based behavior

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the function of the serotonin neuromodulatory pathway?

Mood; sleep-wake cycles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the function of the ACh neuromodulatory pathway?

Memory and cognition

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the basic function of the LPFC (lateral prefrontal cortex)?

Working memory, executive control functions, and determination of the course of behavior (vs alternatives)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the basic function of the OFC (orbitofrontal cortex)?

Reward, motivation, emotional decision-making, *inhibition of inappropriate action (long-term advantage pursuit), *reversal of stimulus-response learning

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the basic function of the MPFC (medial prefrontal cortex, a part of the ventromedial cortex)?

Emotional bias decision-making, extinction of fear conditioning, experience of emotions and meaning of perceptions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the basic function of the anterior cingulate cortex?

A behaviorally-based decision maker for complex actions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Basic rules of through:

1) Ventral and medial regions regulate _______
2) Dorsal and lateral regions regulate _______

1) Emotion

2) Thought and action

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The PFC provides top-down control over _______

Attention, emotion, and behavior

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The PFC interconnects cortices in order to: (three things)

Regulate high-order decision-making
Plan and organize for the future
Orchestrate activity for behavior, thought, or emotional regulation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The PFC has connections with reticular nuclei… it can thus self-regulate: (hint - think neuromodulatory pathways)

NE via the locus ceruleus

Dopamine via the substantia nigra and ventral tegmentum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where is the hippocampus located?

Study These Flashcards

In the medial temporal lobe

Describe the pathway of hippocampal afferents.

Study These Flashcards

Parahippocampal gyrus –> entorhinal cortex –> hippocampus

Describe the pathway of hippocampal efferents.

(Reversal of afferents) | Hippocampus --> entorhinal cortex --> parahippocampal gyrus --> PFC, temporal and parietal lobes (memory)

What cortical/neural area is associated with: 1) declarative/explicit memory? 2) procedural memory? 3) working/short-term memory?

1) Hippocampus (in medial temporal lobe) 2) Amygdala, cerebellum, etc 3) PFC

Is episodic memory "biographical" or "autobiographical?"

Autobiographical; you will mentally travel back in time when retrieving memories

Is semantic memory "biographical" or "autobiographical?"

Biographical; semantic memory is about facts whereas episodic memory is about events

Describe the pathway of episodic memory (from hippocampus to the cortices)

From the hippocampus, memories will be consolidated and projected to multiple cortices (MPFC, parahippocampal, entorhinal, lateral temporal, and the parietal sensory association cortex)

Describe the pathway of semantic memory

Non-contextual information will be consolidated in the anterior temporal lobe and the LPFC (working memory area). Remember, semantic memory is not AUTO-biographical.

What areas are associated with the anterior temporal (AT) system? What are the functions of the AT system?

- Perirhinal cortex, temporopolar cortex, LOFC, and amygdala - Relation of entities/persons to semantic concepts - Hint (if this helps): anterior tends to be more subjective (emotional, relational, etc)

What areas are associated with the posterior medial (PM) system? What are the functions of the PM system?

- Parahippocampal cortex (PHC), retrosplenial cortex (RSC), posterior cingulate, percuneus, angular gyrus - Matches incoming cues about context (time, space) and interactions among entities and the environment - Hint (if this helps): posterior tends to be more thought process-related (time, space, location, etc)

There are _______ stages in short-wave sleep (SWS). As you gain in stages, the synchronous PSP's _______ in amplitude and _______ in frequency.

- Four - Increase - Decrease

REM sleep shows a _______ in amplitude and a _______ in frequency. Interestingly, this is quite similar to _______.

- Decrease - Increase - Waking

SWS provides what type of memory consolidation?

Declarative and procedural (events and facts!)

REM sleep provides what type of memory consolidation?

Final consolidation of memory

In regards to sleep, activating ascending reticular pathways to the thalamus facilitates the transmission of _______. These pathways are most active during _______.

- information from the thalamus to the cortex | - REM sleep

In regards to sleep, activating ascending reticular pathways to the cortex facilitates the transmission of _______.

- processing of input from the thalamus

Cholinergic pontine pathways activate which of these? a) thalamus b) cortex

a) thalamus; via pedunculopontine and LFT nuclei

Monoaminergic pathways activate which of these? a) thalamus b) cortex

b) cortex; NE, serotonin, dopamine

What area of the brain regulates sleep? How does it do so?

- the hypothalamus - VLPO nuclei: inhibit all hypothalamic and brainstem nuclei participating in around, induce drowsiness, and discharge thoughout n-REM sleep

What area of the brain responds to light/dark cycles in order to produce circadian sleep rhythms? How?

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) will project to dorsal medial hypothalamus (DMH) to inhibit VLPA (via GABA) and stimulate orexin (via glutamate) to promote wakefulness.

The lateral dorsal tegmentum (LDT) and pedunculopontine (PPT) nuclei activate _______ via _______ receptors. This promotes _______.

- thalamic processing of sensory input - cholinergic - wakefulness

The nucleus basalis activates _______ via _______ receptors. This promotes _______.

- the cortex - cholinergic - wakefulness

The locus ceruleus activate _______ via _______ receptors. This promotes _______.

- the cortex - NE - wakefulness

The dorsal raphe nuclei activate _______ via _______ receptors. This promotes _______.

- the cortex - serotonin - wakefulness

What inhibits the previously-mentioned ascending arousal systems in order to initiate sleep?

The VLPO... produces the characteristics of sleep.

In which sleep state are you more sensitive to sound?

REM

At what point during sleep cycles or wakefulness is cholinergic activity greatest?

REM sleep! This gives us the rapid-eye movements and stimulates thalamo-cortical activity.

What are the two types of REM sleep and what are their characteristics?

- Phasic: rapid eye movements, increased brain activity in emotion areas; external sound sensitivity is suppressed - Tonic: there are no rapid eye movements, but there IS increased stimulus reactivity and auditory cortex activity (so you can hear your alarm clock!)

What produces transient paralysis during REM sleep?

Medial medullary nuclei

Why does memory consolidation/incorporation occur best during SWS?

There is no disruption of new stimuli or other memories. The decreased ACh activity increased re-activation of memories in the hippocampus and their transfer to the neocortex. During wakefulness, increase ACh activity allows for better sensory input and encoding.

Can declarative memory be formed during waking?

Yes, but the memories are labile and easily disrupted by other sensory input

What helps to stabilize memory?

Reactivation during SWS

Does reactivation of memories always help?

No, it depends on the state of the person. During wakefulness, the memories that are still "labile" are susceptible to modification.

What helps best to tie together memories and draw correlations?

REM sleep!

Test IV Flashcards

(56 cards)