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Organ Systems III > Test IV > Flashcards

Test IV Flashcards

0
Q

In general, where does planning occur in the limbic system?

A

The frontal and cingulate cortices

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1
Q

What are the basic functions of the limbic system?

A

Planning, cognition, stress, fear, and memory

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2
Q

In general, where does cognition occur in the limbic system?

A

The cerebral cortex

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3
Q

In general, where does stress processing occur in the limbic system?

A

The HPA axis, hippocampus, and amygdala

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4
Q

In general, where does fear processing occur in the limbic system?

A

The amygdala

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5
Q

In general, where does memory processing occur in the limbic system?

A

The hippocampus and entorhinal cortices

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6
Q

What is the physiologic function of reticular formation?

A

Alerting and wakefulness (via the ascending reticular-activating system)

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7
Q

What is the anatomical function of reticular formation?

A

Modulation of wide brain areas (via reticular neurons)

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8
Q

In reticular formation, sensory input enters which nuclei?

A

Raphe and lateral nuclei

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9
Q

From where and to where do these neuromodulators project?: NE, dopamine, serotonin (5-HT), and ACh

A

NE: from locus ceruleus to cerebral cortex, brain stem, spinal cord, and cerebellum (… the CNS)
Dopamine: from substantia nigra and ventral tegmentum (midbrain) to PFC and basal ganglia
Serotonin: from raphe nucleus to cortex
ACh: from septum, nucleus basalis, and diagonal band of Broca to thalamus and cortex

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10
Q

What is the function of the NE neuromodulatory pathway?

A

Attention selectivity under stress

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11
Q

What is the function of the dopamine neuromodulatory pathway?

A

PFC: motivationally-based behavior

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12
Q

What is the function of the serotonin neuromodulatory pathway?

A

Mood; sleep-wake cycles

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13
Q

What is the function of the ACh neuromodulatory pathway?

A

Memory and cognition

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14
Q

What is the basic function of the LPFC (lateral prefrontal cortex)?

A

Working memory, executive control functions, and determination of the course of behavior (vs alternatives)

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15
Q

What is the basic function of the OFC (orbitofrontal cortex)?

A

Reward, motivation, emotional decision-making, *inhibition of inappropriate action (long-term advantage pursuit), *reversal of stimulus-response learning

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16
Q

What is the basic function of the MPFC (medial prefrontal cortex, a part of the ventromedial cortex)?

A

Emotional bias decision-making, extinction of fear conditioning, experience of emotions and meaning of perceptions

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17
Q

What is the basic function of the anterior cingulate cortex?

A

A behaviorally-based decision maker for complex actions

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18
Q

Basic rules of through:

1) Ventral and medial regions regulate _______
2) Dorsal and lateral regions regulate _______

A

1) Emotion

2) Thought and action

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19
Q

The PFC provides top-down control over _______

A

Attention, emotion, and behavior

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20
Q

The PFC interconnects cortices in order to: (three things)

A
  • Regulate high-order decision-making
  • Plan and organize for the future
  • Orchestrate activity for behavior, thought, or emotional regulation
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21
Q

The PFC has connections with reticular nuclei… it can thus self-regulate: (hint - think neuromodulatory pathways)

A

NE via the locus ceruleus

Dopamine via the substantia nigra and ventral tegmentum

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22
Q

Where is the hippocampus located?

A

In the medial temporal lobe

23
Q

Describe the pathway of hippocampal afferents.

A

Parahippocampal gyrus –> entorhinal cortex –> hippocampus

24
Q

Describe the pathway of hippocampal efferents.

A

(Reversal of afferents)

Hippocampus –> entorhinal cortex –> parahippocampal gyrus –> PFC, temporal and parietal lobes (memory)

25
Q

What cortical/neural area is associated with:

1) declarative/explicit memory?
2) procedural memory?
3) working/short-term memory?

A

1) Hippocampus (in medial temporal lobe)
2) Amygdala, cerebellum, etc
3) PFC

26
Q

Is episodic memory “biographical” or “autobiographical?”

A

Autobiographical; you will mentally travel back in time when retrieving memories

27
Q

Is semantic memory “biographical” or “autobiographical?”

A

Biographical; semantic memory is about facts whereas episodic memory is about events

28
Q

Describe the pathway of episodic memory (from hippocampus to the cortices)

A

From the hippocampus, memories will be consolidated and projected to multiple cortices (MPFC, parahippocampal, entorhinal, lateral temporal, and the parietal sensory association cortex)

29
Q

Describe the pathway of semantic memory

A

Non-contextual information will be consolidated in the anterior temporal lobe and the LPFC (working memory area). Remember, semantic memory is not AUTO-biographical.

30
Q

What areas are associated with the anterior temporal (AT) system? What are the functions of the AT system?

A
  • Perirhinal cortex, temporopolar cortex, LOFC, and amygdala
  • Relation of entities/persons to semantic concepts
  • Hint (if this helps): anterior tends to be more subjective (emotional, relational, etc)
31
Q

What areas are associated with the posterior medial (PM) system? What are the functions of the PM system?

A
  • Parahippocampal cortex (PHC), retrosplenial cortex (RSC), posterior cingulate, percuneus, angular gyrus
  • Matches incoming cues about context (time, space) and interactions among entities and the environment
  • Hint (if this helps): posterior tends to be more thought process-related (time, space, location, etc)
32
Q

There are _______ stages in short-wave sleep (SWS). As you gain in stages, the synchronous PSP’s _______ in amplitude and _______ in frequency.

A
  • Four
  • Increase
  • Decrease
33
Q

REM sleep shows a _______ in amplitude and a _______ in frequency. Interestingly, this is quite similar to _______.

A
  • Decrease
  • Increase
  • Waking
34
Q

SWS provides what type of memory consolidation?

A

Declarative and procedural (events and facts!)

35
Q

REM sleep provides what type of memory consolidation?

A

Final consolidation of memory

36
Q

In regards to sleep, activating ascending reticular pathways to the thalamus facilitates the transmission of _______. These pathways are most active during _______.

A
  • information from the thalamus to the cortex

- REM sleep

37
Q

In regards to sleep, activating ascending reticular pathways to the cortex facilitates the transmission of _______.

A
  • processing of input from the thalamus
38
Q

Cholinergic pontine pathways activate which of these?

a) thalamus
b) cortex

A

a) thalamus; via pedunculopontine and LFT nuclei

39
Q

Monoaminergic pathways activate which of these?

a) thalamus
b) cortex

A

b) cortex; NE, serotonin, dopamine

40
Q

What area of the brain regulates sleep? How does it do so?

A
  • the hypothalamus
  • VLPO nuclei: inhibit all hypothalamic and brainstem nuclei participating in around, induce drowsiness, and discharge thoughout n-REM sleep
41
Q

What area of the brain responds to light/dark cycles in order to produce circadian sleep rhythms? How?

A

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) will project to dorsal medial hypothalamus (DMH) to inhibit VLPA (via GABA) and stimulate orexin (via glutamate) to promote wakefulness.

42
Q

The lateral dorsal tegmentum (LDT) and pedunculopontine (PPT) nuclei activate _______ via _______ receptors. This promotes _______.

A
  • thalamic processing of sensory input
  • cholinergic
  • wakefulness
43
Q

The nucleus basalis activates _______ via _______ receptors. This promotes _______.

A
  • the cortex
  • cholinergic
  • wakefulness
44
Q

The locus ceruleus activate _______ via _______ receptors. This promotes _______.

A
  • the cortex
  • NE
  • wakefulness
45
Q

The dorsal raphe nuclei activate _______ via _______ receptors. This promotes _______.

A
  • the cortex
  • serotonin
  • wakefulness
46
Q

What inhibits the previously-mentioned ascending arousal systems in order to initiate sleep?

A

The VLPO… produces the characteristics of sleep.

47
Q

In which sleep state are you more sensitive to sound?

A

REM

48
Q

At what point during sleep cycles or wakefulness is cholinergic activity greatest?

A

REM sleep! This gives us the rapid-eye movements and stimulates thalamo-cortical activity.

49
Q

What are the two types of REM sleep and what are their characteristics?

A
  • Phasic: rapid eye movements, increased brain activity in emotion areas; external sound sensitivity is suppressed
  • Tonic: there are no rapid eye movements, but there IS increased stimulus reactivity and auditory cortex activity (so you can hear your alarm clock!)
50
Q

What produces transient paralysis during REM sleep?

A

Medial medullary nuclei

51
Q

Why does memory consolidation/incorporation occur best during SWS?

A

There is no disruption of new stimuli or other memories. The decreased ACh activity increased re-activation of memories in the hippocampus and their transfer to the neocortex. During wakefulness, increase ACh activity allows for better sensory input and encoding.

52
Q

Can declarative memory be formed during waking?

A

Yes, but the memories are labile and easily disrupted by other sensory input

53
Q

What helps to stabilize memory?

A

Reactivation during SWS

54
Q

Does reactivation of memories always help?

A

No, it depends on the state of the person. During wakefulness, the memories that are still “labile” are susceptible to modification.

55
Q

What helps best to tie together memories and draw correlations?

A

REM sleep!

Organ Systems III (1 decks)

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