Test Material Flashcards
(43 cards)
Define Emic
involving analysis of cultural phenomena from the perspective of one who participates in the culture being studied
Define Etic
involving analysis of cultural phenomena from the perspective of one who does not participate in the culture being studied
Explain the Milgram Experiment
Stanley Milgram, a psychologist at Yale University, conducted an experiment focusing on the conflict between obedience to authority and personal conscience. He examined justifications for acts of genocide offered by those accused at the World War II, Nuremberg War Criminal trials.
Explain the Baby Alber Experiment
The Little Albert Experiment demonstrated that classical conditioning—the association of a particular stimulus or behavior with an unrelated stimulus or behavior—works in human beings. In the experiment, psychologist John Watson was able to condition a previously unafraid baby to become afraid of a rat
What was the purpose of the Marshmellow Experiment?
The first “Marshmallow Test” was a study conducted by Walter Mischel and Ebbe B. Ebbesen at Stanford University in 1960. The purpose of the original study was to understand when the control of delayed gratification, the ability to wait to obtain `something that one wants, develops in children.
basic research
systematic study directed toward greater knowledge or understanding of the fundamental aspects of phenomena and of observable facts without specific applications towards processes or products in mind.
applied research
`scientific study and research that seeks to solve practical problems.
structuralism
psychology concerned especially with resolution of the mind into structural elements
Who founded structuralism?
While Wundt is often listed as the founder of structuralism, he never actually used the term. Instead, Wundt referred to his ideas as voluntarism. It was his student, Edward B. Titchener, who invented the term structuralism.
functionalism
American school of psychology concerned especially with how the mind functions to adapt the individual to the environment
Who founded functionalism?
William James
define behaviourism
the theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or feelings, and that psychological disorders are best treated by altering behavior patterns.
Who founded behaviouralism
Pavlov (1897) published the results of an experiment on conditioning after originally studying digestion in dogs. Watson (1913) launches the behavioral school of psychology, publishing an article, Psychology as the behaviorist views it.
Who is skinner and what did he do?
A behaviorist, he developed the theory of operant conditioning – the idea that behavior is determined by its consequences, be they reinforcements or punishments, which make it more or less likely that the behavior will occur again.
Key words: operant conditioning
Define Cognitivism
cognitive psychology is interested in what is happening within our minds that links stimulus (input) and response (output). Cognitive psychologists study internal processes that include perception, attention, language, memory, and thinking.
Psychoanalytic theory
a method of investigating and treating personality disorders and is used in psychotherapy. Included in this theory is the idea that things that happen to people during childhood can contribute to the way they later function as adults.
What school of psychology did freud found?
psychoanalytic theory
Freudian Slip
an unintentional error regarded as revealing subconscious feelings.
Framework for Science
- Ruling out rival hypothesis… 2. Correllation Vs. Causation …… 3. Falsifiability…. 4. Reblicability….. 5. Extraordinary Claims…. 6. Occam’s razor
What is an IRB?
The Institutional Review Board
purpose of an IRB
to protect the rights and welfare of human research subjects recruited to participate in research activities conducted under the auspices of the institution with which it is affiliated
Less than minimal risk
No special populations. No major risks
Minimal risk
Same risks as normal life. Some discussion of physical or sexual trauma.
Greater than minimal risk
special populations. Beyond ordinary risks faced in life (hand in cold water)
