Test Of April

Question 1

Aggression

Answer 1

And physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

Question 2

Frustration- Agression principle

Answer 2

The principle that frustration - the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal - creates anger, which can generate aggression.

Question 3

Social script

Answer 3

A culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

Question 4

Mere exposure effect

Answer 4

The tendency for repeated exposure to novel stimuli to increase our liking of them.

Question 5

Passionate love

Answer 5

An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the start of a romantic relationship.

Question 6

Two-factor theory of emotion

Answer 6

Emotions have two ingredients- physical arousal plus cognitive appraisal and that arousal from and source can enhance one emotion or another, depending on how we interpret and label the arousal

Question 7

Companionate love

Answer 7

The Deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

Question 8

Equity

Answer 8

A condition,in which people receive From a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.

Question 9

Self- disclosure

Answer 9

The act of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others

Question 10

Reward theory of attraction

Answer 10

We will like those whose behavior is rewarding to us, including those who are both able and willing to help us achieve our goals.

Question 11

Altruism

Answer 11

Unselfish regard for the welfare of others

Question 12

Bystander effect.

Answer 12

The tendency for and given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

Question 13

Social exchange theory

Answer 13

The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim which is to maximize benefits and minimize our costs

Question 14

Reciprocity norm

Answer 14

An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

Question 15

Social responsibility norm

Answer 15

An expectation that people will help those needing their help.

Question 16

Conflict

Answer 16

A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

Question 17

Social traps

Answer 17

A situation in which two parties, by each pursuing their self interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.

Question 18

Mirror image perceptions

Answer 18

Mutual views often held by conflicting parties, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.

Question 19

Self fulfilling prophecies

Answer 19

A belief that leads to its own fulfillment

Question 20

Superordinate goals

Answer 20

Sharing goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

Question 21

Grit

Answer 21

A strategy designed to decrease international tensions, one side recognizes mutual interests and its intent to reduce tensions

Question 22

Personality

Answer 22

An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

Question 23

Sigmund Freud’S psychoanalytic theory

Answer 23

Childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality

Question 24

Humanistic theories

Answer 24

Focus on our inner capacities for growth and development

Question 25

Trait theories

Answer 25

Examine characteristic patterns of behavior

Question 26

Social cognitive theories

Answer 26

Explore the interaction between people’s traits and their social context

Question 27

Psychodynamic theories

Answer 27

Theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious mind and the importance of childhood experiences

Question 29

Psychoanalysis

Answer 29

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tension

Question 30

Unconscious

Answer 30

A reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories.

Question 31

Free association

Answer 31

In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Question 32

Id

Answer 32

A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and agressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

Question 33

Ego

Answer 33

The partly conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, the superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

Question 34

Superego

Answer 34

The partly conscious part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscious) and for future aspirations

Question 35

Humanistic theories

Answer 35

Theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth.

Question 36

Hierarchy of needs

Answer 36

Maslows levels of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs. Often visualized as a pyramid, with needs nearer the base taking priority until they are satisfied

Question 37

Self Actulization

Answer 37

One of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential.

Question 38

self transcendence

Answer 38

The striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond’s the self

Question 39

Unconditional positive regard

Answer 39

A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl rogers believed would help people develop self awareness and self acceptance

Question 40

Self- concept

Answer 40

All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, who am I?

Question 41

Trait

Answer 41

A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel or act in certain ways, as assessed by self report inventories and peer reports

Question 42

Factor analysis

Answer 42

A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of test items that tap basic components of a trait

Question 43

Personality inventories

Answer 43

Longer questionnaires covering a wide range of feelings and behaviors- assess several traits at once

Question 44

Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory

Answer 44

The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders, now has many purposes

Question 45

Emperically derived test

Answer 45

A test created by selecting from a pool of items those that discrimate between groups

Question 46

Big five factors

Answer 46

Five traits- openness, conscientious, extroversion, agreeableness, and neutocism

Question 47

Maturity principle

Answer 47

From adolescence onward, -do-pe become more conscientious and agreeable, less neurotic

Question 48

Trait theory

Answer 48

See personality as a stable and enduring pattern of behavior. Interest in trying to describe differences rather than explaining.

Question 49

Social cognitive perspective

Answer 49

A view of behavior by the interaction between peoples traits, including their thinking, and their social context /bandura

Question 50

Behavioral approach

Answer 50

Focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development

Question 51

Social cognitive theory

Answer 51

Focus on how we and our environment interact

Question 52

Reciprocal determinism

Answer 52

The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

Question 53

defense mechanisms

Answer 53

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

Question 54

repression

Answer 54

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

Question 55

The Defense Mechanisms

Answer 55

Regression: Retreating to an earlier psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated - Example: Curls up with an old stuffed animal and watches cartoons for comfort Reaction formation: Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites - Feeling the urge to cry with disappointment, instead declares loudly that “Getting cut from the soccer team was the best thing that ever happened to me” Projection: Disguising one’s own threatening impulses by attributing them to others - Tells everyone how mad his parents are at the coach Rationalization: Offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one’s actions - Explains that he wasn’t working very hard in tryouts and could have made the team if he’d really wanted to Displacement: Shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person - Yells at his little brother for no reason Sublimation: Transferring of unacceptable impulses into socially valued motives - Feels an urge to go to a practice and yell at the coach; instead, offers to 1749 teach his little brother to play soccer that day Denial: Refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities - Insists there was an error on the team list and he’s going to set things right with the coach

Question 56

collective unconscious

Answer 56

Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history

Question 57

false consensus effect

Answer 57

the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors.

Question 58

terror-management theory

Answer 58

a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death.

Question 59

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Answer 59

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.

Question 60

projective test

Answer 60

a personality test, such as the TAT or Rorschach, that provides ambiguous images designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics and explore the preconscious and unconscious mind.

Question 61

Rorschach inkblot test

Answer 61

a projective test designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing how they interpret 10 inkblots.