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Psychology 101- Kane Vest > Test One > Flashcards

Test One Flashcards

1
Q

the science of behavior and mental processes

A

psychology

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2
Q

knowledge must be acquired through careful observation rather than from logic or intuition

A

empiricism

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3
Q

a collection of interrelated ideas and observations that together describe, explain, and predict behavior or mental processes

A

theory

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4
Q

this type of research involves describing existing events rather than performing a manipulation of an independent variable and observing changes

A

descriptive research methods

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5
Q

focus on one person-one case-which receives intense study

A

case studies

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6
Q

a technique in which researchers collect data about people in natural surroundings

A

naturalistic observation

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7
Q

research involves constructing questionnaires and administering the survey to a group of people

A

survey

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8
Q

attempt to establish the degree of a relationship between two variables

A

correlation studies

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9
Q

this school of psychological thought argued that it is necessary to study a persons total experience, not just parts of the mind or behavior

A

gestalt psychology

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10
Q

only a small segment of mental functioning

A

conscious

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11
Q

also contributes to thought and behavior by provoking slips of the tongue and by sending symbolic messages in dreams

A

unconscious

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12
Q

watson argued that psychology should focus on describing and measuring only what is observable, either directly or through assessment instruments

A

behaviorism

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13
Q

a reaction to behaviorism and its emphasis on the mechanistic nature of behavior

A

humanistic psychology

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14
Q

held that behaviorism was too restrictive in concentrating exclusively on overt behavior

A

cognitive psychology

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15
Q

emphasizes the positive values of optimism, joy, well-being, and psychological health

A

positive psychology

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16
Q

adaptation and survival of the fittest are mechanisms that produce the evolution of species

A

evolutionary psychology

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17
Q

the nervous system and heredity affect behavior and mental processes, including emotions, thoughts, and sensory experiences

A

biopsychology

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18
Q

social and cultural context influences a persons behavior, thoughts, and feelings

A

social and cultural

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19
Q

over the course of generations, the human brain and behavior have adapted in ways that allow the species to survive

A

evolutionary

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20
Q

a tendency of individuals to believe that their own ethnic or cultural group is the standard, the reference point against which other people and groups should be judged

A

ethnocentrism

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21
Q

the unwritten social and psychological guidebook that each of us learns and uses to interpret our world

A

culture

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22
Q

stress personal rather than group goals and value individual freedom and autonomy

A

individualist culture

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23
Q

favor group needs over individual ones

A

collectivist culture

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24
Q

the extent to which an individual identifies with one sex or the other

A

gender identity

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25
Q

a different concept, which describes the sexual orientation of the individual

A

sexual orientation

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26
Q

an ideological system that denies, denigrates, and stigmatizes any nonheterosexual form of behavior or identity

A

heterosexism

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27
Q

professionals who study behavior and mental processes and use behavioral principles in scientific research or in applied settings

A

psychologists

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28
Q

provide diagnosis and treatment of emotional and behavioral problems

A

clinical psychologists

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29
Q

also work with people who have emotional or behavioral problems

A

counseling psychologists

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30
Q

physicians who have chosen to specialize in the treatment of mental or emotional disorders

A

psychiatrists

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31
Q

Describe what is involved in an experiment

A

Independent and dependent variables, random assignments of participants, experimental and control groups

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32
Q

How does psychology differ from common sense?

A

Precisely because it is science

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33
Q

The group of participants who receive the new treatment

A

experimental group

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34
Q

the comparison group- the group of participants who are tested on the dependent variable

A

control group

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35
Q

Which researcher attempted to explain the causes of behavior by cataloging and describing the relationships among events in the environment, a persons animal reactions, and the establishing of the learned connection between two

A

B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)

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36
Q

This researcher published a paper in which he contended that the subject matter of psychology should be behavior, rather than the contents of consciousness

A

John B. Watson (1878-1958)

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37
Q

The first African American doctorate to teach psychology in the U.S.; became Dean and then President of Wilberforce University

A

Gilbert H. Jones

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38
Q

Developed a training program at Howard University to train African-American psychologists

A

Francis Sumner

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39
Q

The first latina to earn a doctorate in the U.S.

A

Martha Bernal

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40
Q

The first latina elected president of the American Psychological Association

A

Melba Vasquez

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41
Q

the combination of ones education, income, and occupational status or prestige

A

social class

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42
Q

set up the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, establishing the science of psychology

A

Wilhem Wundt

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43
Q

Of those that earn a bachelors degree, about -blank-percent g on to graduate school

A

45

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44
Q

the nervous system is composed of billions of individual nerve cells called

A

neurons

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45
Q

(sensory neurons) which carry messages to the spinal cord and the brain

A

afferent neurons

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46
Q

(motor neurons) which carry messages from the brain and spinal cord to other structures in the body

A

efferent neurons

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47
Q

connect sensory neurons to motor neurons and outnumber both of these other types

A

interneurons

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48
Q

nourish the neurons and provide support functions

A

glial cells

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49
Q

-blank-percent of the cells in the brain are important in forming connections between neurons

A

90 percent

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50
Q

a thin, white, fatty layer that covers some large motor neurons and insulates them from other neurons

A

myelin sheath

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51
Q

the space between the axon terminals of one neuron and the dendrites, cell body, or axons of other neurons

A

synapse

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52
Q

(spike discharge) is an electrical current that travels along the axon of a neuron, initiated by the rapid reversal if the polarization of the cell membrane

A

action potential

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53
Q

chemical substances stored in synaptic vesicles

A

neurotransmitters

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54
Q

pushes the receiving neuron toward its threshold for firing

A

excitatory postsynaptic potential EPSP

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55
Q

pushes the neuron away from its threshold, making it less likely to fire

A

inhibitory postsynaptic potential IPSP

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56
Q

receptors which appear in many parts of the brain and throughout the body, indicating that this neurotransmitter is involved in many functions

A

acetylcholine

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57
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitter which is involved in a wide variety of behaviors, as well as being associated with some behavior problems

A

gamma-aminobutryic acid GABA

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58
Q

a substance derived from the amino acid tryptophan

A

serotonin

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59
Q

involved in a variety of physical processes and behaviors, which include movement, thought processes, emotion, and feelings of reward and pleasure

A

dopamine

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60
Q

plays a role in arousal reactions and acts in several parts of the brain, increasing heart rate, respiration, sweating, and dilation of the pupils in the eye

A

norepinephrine

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61
Q

the study of how drugs affect behavior

A

psychopharmacology

62
Q

chemicals that mimic or facilitate the actions of neurotransmitters

A

agonists

63
Q

the lowest of the three main divisions of the brain

A

hindbrain

64
Q

a dense package of nerves lying just above the spinal cord that controls the heartbeat and breathing through which many neural signals pass

A

medulla

65
Q

helps regulate a persons state of arousal

A

reticular formation

66
Q

provides a link between the hindbrain and the rest of the brain

A

pons

67
Q

a structure in the hindbrain, influences balance, coordination, and movement, including single joint actions such as the flexing of an elbow or knee

A

cerebellum

68
Q

consists of nuclei that receive neural signals from other parts of the brain and from the spinal cord

A

midbrain

69
Q

the largest and most complex brain structure in humans. located at the top of the brain

A

forebrain

70
Q

acts primarily as a routing station for sending information to other parts of the brain, although it probably also performs some interpretive functions

A

thalamus

71
Q

much smaller than the thalamus and is located just below it

A

hypothalamus

72
Q

consists of an interconnected group of structures, in the forebrain, that influence emotions, memory, social behavior, seizure disorders, and other behaviors

A

limbic system

73
Q

involved in learning and memory, navigating the environment, and some emotional functions

A

hippocampus

74
Q

one of a pair of olive-shaped structures in the forebrain, is also involved in emotional behaviors

A

amygdala

75
Q

the exterior covering of the hemispheres

A

cerebral cortex

76
Q

in the front of the central sulcus

A

frontal lobe

77
Q

behind the frontal lobe

A

parietal lobe

78
Q

below the lateral fissure and the parietal lobe on each side of the brain

A

temporal lobe

79
Q

at the back of the head behind the parietal and temporal lobes

A

occipital lobe

80
Q

the structure that connects the cerebral hemispheres, is important to their function

A

corpus callosum

81
Q

a technique in which researchers implant a thin wire, needle, or glass tube containing a chemical solution into or next to a single neuron and leave it there to measure the neurons electrical activity

A

single unit recording

82
Q

measures electrical activity in the nervous systems of either nonhuman animals or humans EEG

A

electroencepphalograph

83
Q

uses magnetic fields instead of X-rays to produce brain scans that have far greater clarity and resolution than CT scans

A

MRI- Magnetic Resonance Imaging

84
Q

the product of an imaging technique that registers changes in the blood flow to the brain, which allow an assessment of what areas of the brain are more active

A

functional MRI (FMRI)

85
Q

takes an alternative approach to localizing brain function. tracks radioactive substances injected into the bloodstream and allows researchers to see which areas of the brain become more active in experience of different sensations

A

PET- positron emission tomography

86
Q

seem to have two distinct, independent brains, each with its own abilities

A

split brain individuals

87
Q

the human brain remains capable of growth and development throughout the life span

A

plasticity

88
Q

the formation of new neurons

A

neurogenesis

89
Q

chemicals that are produced by the endocrine glands and that regulate the activities of specific organs or cells

A

hormones

90
Q

ductless glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

A

endocrine glands

91
Q

regulates the actions of many other endocrine glands; the master gland

A

pituitary gland

92
Q

regulates body metabolism

A

thyroid gland

93
Q

produce the steroid hormones that influence reproductive physiology and sexual behavior

A

gonads

94
Q

produce epinephrine to mobilize the body in emergency situations

A

adrenal glands

95
Q

the hormone that facilitates the transport of sugar (glucose) from the bloodstream into body cells

A

insulin

96
Q

the study of heredity

A

genetics

97
Q

the process by which physical traits and behavioral characteristics are transmitted from parents to offspring

A

heredity

98
Q

a persons biological makeup

A

nature

99
Q

a persons experiences in the environment

A

nurture

100
Q

microscopic strands of deoxyribonucleic acid found in the nucleus of every cell in the body

A

chromosomes

101
Q

thousands of which line up along each chromosome

A

genes

102
Q

a persons genetic makeup, which is fixed at conception

A

genotype

103
Q

his or her observable characteristics

A

phenotype

104
Q

focuses on the influence of genes on behavior

A

behavioral genetics

105
Q

defined as the proportion of a traits variation among individuals in a population that is genetically determined

A

heritability

106
Q

occur when two sperm fertilize two ova and the two resulting fertilized ova implant in the uterus and grow alongside each other

A

fraternal twins

107
Q

occur when one fertilized ovum splits into two identical cells, which then begin to divide and form two individuals

A

identical twins

108
Q

the total sequence of the genes on our DNA

A

genome

109
Q

the study of gene expression influenced by factors other than changes in genes

A

epigenetics

110
Q

the psychological perspective that seeks to explain and predict behaviors by analyzing how the human brain developed over time ad how evolutionary history affects the behavior of humans today

A

evolutionary psychology

111
Q

compares different age groups simultaneously to identify differences between age groups on some dimension

A

cross-sectional research design

112
Q

studies the same group of individuals repeatedly over time to identify developmental changes

A

longitudinal research design

113
Q

combines the benefits of both cross-sectional and longitudinal research

A

sequential research design

114
Q

new organism

A

zygote

115
Q

the stage that the zygote travels down the fallopian tube toward the uterus for about 10 days, after which it becomes implanted in the inner lining of the uterus

A

embryo

116
Q

will serve as a life support system providing oxygen, food, antibodies, and waste removal by way of the mothers bloodstream

A

placenta

117
Q

the term for which the baby is referred to as, about the ninth week after conception

A

fetus

118
Q

a time in which the organism is especially sensitive to environmental influences

A

critical period

119
Q

substances or events that can produce complications to the other or fetus at any point during pregnancy or birth

A

teratogens

120
Q

physical development, motor control, and coordination progress downward from the head to the feet

A

cephalocaudal trend

121
Q

maturation and growth also progress from the center of the body outward to the extremities

A

proximodistal trend

122
Q

if you touch the palm of the newborn baby, you are likely to find one of your fingers held in the surprisingly firm grip of a tiny fist

A

grasping reflex

123
Q

in which the head turns toward a light touch on the cheek

A

rooting reflex

124
Q

triggered by a finger, nipple, or pacifier placed in the mouth

A

sucking reflex

125
Q

as the toes fan out in response to stroking the sole of the foot

A

babinski reflex

126
Q

outstretching of the arms and legs and crying in response to a loud noise or the sensation of falling

A

moro reflex

127
Q

to describe a set of organized mental structures, developed through experience, which serve as the building blocks of cognitive development

A

schema

128
Q

the process by which a person absorbs new ideas and experiences and incorporates them into existing schemata

A

assimilation

129
Q

allows them to modify previously developed schemata, adapting them to fit new experiences

A

accomidation

130
Q

the foundation for all cognitive development, based on connecting sensory input with motor output

A

sensorimotor stage

131
Q

the early-emerging and long-lasting pattern in an individuals disposition and in the intensity and especially the quality of his or her emotional reactions

A

temperament

132
Q

during this stage, children begin to represent the world symbolically; this can be observed in their rapid development of language as well as in imaginative or pretend play

A

preoperational stage

133
Q

preschoolers tendency to develop magical explanations for things they cannot fully understand

A

magical thinking

134
Q

refers to young childrens tendency to attribute human traits to non-living traits

A

animism

135
Q

refers to the inability to perceive a situation or event except in relation to oneself

A

egocentrism

136
Q

Piagets third stage of cognitive development, lasting from approximately age 7- age 11/12

A

concrete operational stage

137
Q

the ability to recognize that objects can be transformed in some way, visually or physically, yet still be the same in number, weight, substance, or volume

A

conservation

138
Q

vgotsky referred to the gap or difference between a childs current abilities and what he or she might accomplish with the guidance of a more skilled individual as the -blank-

A

zone of proximal development

139
Q

the adult puts structure into place to support learning as needed

A

scaffolding

140
Q

refer to the practical side of language

A

pragmatics

141
Q

memories of a childs past

A

autobiographical memory

142
Q

refers to conscious memory content and processes, which allows children to become more proficient with memory strategies

A

metamemory

143
Q

preschoolers commonly assert themselves with both parents and peers

A

initiative vs. guilt

144
Q

defined as all of the traits, competencies, attitudes, roles, and values we believe define or distinguish us

A

self-concept

145
Q

such self-evaluations about her value and the feelings associated with them

A

self-esteem

146
Q

refers to the stage of life that extends from the onset of puberty to the beginning of early adulthood

A

adolescence

147
Q

gaining several inches in height in a single year

A

growth spurts

148
Q

refers to the biological processes involved in maturation of the reproductive system, triggered by an increase in the production of sex hormones

A

puberty

149
Q

genetically determined physical features that differentiate the sexes but are not directly involved with reproduction

A

secondary sex characteristics

150
Q

in 1920, only 20 percent of young adults moved back home with parents after leaving home, but this had increased to almost 50 percent by the beginning of the 21st century

A

boomerang generation

151
Q

individuals 65 years and older, retired, relaxing, and enjoying the fruits of their labors

A

late adulthood

Psychology 101- Kane Vest (1 decks)

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