Test one Flashcards
(202 cards)
1
Q
What is the surface area of Italy?
A
260 000 sq km(aprox)
2
Q
What is the length if Italy?
A
1040 km(aprox)
3
Q
What is the width of Italy?
A
200 km (aprox)
4
Q
What kind of land form is Italy and where dose it jut from?
A
Italy is a peninsula
Juts from the European coast into the Mediterranean
5
Q
What separates Italy from the rest of Europe?
A
In the far north we have the Alps that separate Italy from the rest of Europe.
6
Q
What was Italy boarded by and why?
A
Boarded by the alps. Because they (ancient people) favored natural borders
7
Q
What is the largest river and what river did it contain?
A
To their south, the valley of the Po (Latin, Padus)—Italy’s largest river—contains land with great agricultural potential.
8
Q
What mountains separate the length of Italy?
A
-Apennine mountains, separates the length of Italy from the po vally.
9
Q
What were the five rivers of note?
A
The Po (Padus) The Arno (arnus) The Tiber (Tiberis) The Liris The Volturnus.
10
Q
What were the benefits of the rivers?
A
All the rivers gave access to fresh water and the sea.
11
Q
What separates the Ionian, Sicilian sea and the Tyr rhenian sea
A
Sicilia separates the Ionian, Sicilian sea and the Tyr rhenian sea
12
Q
What was the Strait of Messina and what was its significance?
A
Any ships wanting to enter through the strait of Messina, which will become a bone of contention at some point. He who controls the strait controls commerce, trade. You can charge money for people to go though. People will have to stop there.
13
Q
What land was located close to southern Italy?
A
Italy is close to North Africa which facilitates north/south travel in the central Mediterranean.
14
Q
What were three very important regions and what were their significance?
A
Etruria
Campania
Latium
Because of their location, they had very popular trade, which results in these three areas becoming some of the first to develop
15
Q
What was the name of the lower region where many greeks settled?
A
Magna Graecia (great Greece). A lot of greeks will settle in this area to the point where it becomes great greece.
16
Q
What were some other important regions?
A
Apulia
Masinum
Pethecusa and cumai (greeks establish themselves)
17
Q
List some important cities.
A
Elisina Vellanova Cumae Capua Pithecusa Straits of Messina Syracusae Roma Tarqinii
18
Q
When was the first appearance of agriculture in Italy?
A
4000 BC
19
Q
What were the signs of early agriculture?
A
Etruscan Hut
Small villages, huts of a simple form.
We know about them because when the ground was excavated we see post holes. Central post with posts all around. Holes were the size of a tree. Did not find bricks or roof tiles. It is believed that everything rotted over 2000 years but they still found the holes in the rocks. The material (mud/wood) they used rotted away, leaving behind the holes
20
Q
What did the early people plant?
A
The early people planted barley and wheat. The first appearance of agriculture was barley and wheat.
21
Q
What branch of science studies pollen?
A
A branch that studies pollen (palynology, they find pollen in the rocks and mud which tells them what grew) .
22
Q
What were the first tools made out of?
A
Tools made out of wood, bones, and stone.
Wood rots but bones (Bones can disappear in an akeline soil) and stone may survive
23
Q
When do we start seeing early copper tools?
A
By 2000 BC we start seeing early copper tools and, some weapons ornaments (Often found in graves)
24
Q
What came after copper?
A
After copper tools we start to see Bronze
25
What were the dates of the different phases of the bronze age?
Early bronze age 1800 - 1600 BC
Middle bronze age 1600 - 1300 BC
Late bronze age 1300 - 1200BC
26
When did we start finding Bronze Weapons?
Bronze Weapons found in early and middle bronze age
27
What is Bronze?
Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin?
28
What did the rise of Bronze tell us?
Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin. This combination displays work with other civilizations. Unsure of which ones.
29
When did early settlements start growing in size?
During the late bronze age, 1300 - 1200BC settlements start to grow in size, start being placed on hilltops.
30
Why did settlements start appearing on hilltops and what dose that tell us?
That they had to defend themselves. People started to invade for resources they don't have because they started producing goods.
"With prosperity comes jealousy and wars"
31
What types of cattle did early Romans start to raise?
Early Romans would raise goats, pigs, sheep, and cattle.
32
How do we know about the cattle that they were raising?
They know this due to the butcher/burn marks on bones they found on settlements. When you put meat in a pot the water rolls and causes more rounded bones.
33
When did the Iron age begin?
9th century BC
34
When did the development of cities begin?
A series of developments related to the iron age in Italy that leads to the development of cities By the 7th century
35
What is the duration of the Iron age in Italy?
9th to the last 3rd of the 8th century (735 BC) is the iron age
36
What does the rise of the Iron age tell us?
Must extract metal from ore which requires more advanced tools
The technique to smelt iron is complex, so their technology must be advancing.
37
What were the benefits of Iron?
Iron age tools are harder and better able to stay sharp and retain their shape.
Iron is cheaper
38
What areas start becoming major centers of wealth and society?
During the 9th and 8th people start relating to each other through trade (Etruria, Latium and Campania) They become major centers of wealth and society
39
What were signs of larger societies?
More post holes which display bigger buildings. Areas where the grave goods are good. And slowly start seeing a stratigraphy of society.
40
Did iron mean that you didnt see earlier forms of tools?
You still see bronze, wood and bone during the iron age.
41
What was needed to make Iron?
When they start making steel they need carbon which makes it even more complex.
42
What was the early iron age culture in Etruria called?
In Etruria, the early iron age culture was the (Villanova)? Villanovans evolved into Etruscans via the early iron age in Etruria.
43
How large were the Villanovan settlements?
The settlements of the Villanovans were over 1000 inhabitants. They hypostasized this due to the number of structures. They remain simple with clusters of huts, no elaborate social system or wealth or public buildings.
44
Where was the Latium? How big were the settlements and where were they located?
Between Etruria and Campania, we have the Latium. Settlements are about 1000 people or smaller. And the settlements are located on hills or spurs from the Apennine mountains.
Outside contacts start to effect changes
45
When do we start seeing signs of maritime contact? What did this bring?
9th and 8th BC we start seeing maritime contact which factors in the development of central Italy. With this comes influence, knowledge, trade, money, and Growth.
46
When did the Villanovan helmets and breast plates appear and what does that tell us?
The presence of Villanovan helmet and breastplate armor in the 8th c B.C suggests needing to protect themselves.
47
What is the Villanovan Hut Urn, when does it begin to appear, and what does it tell us?
Villanovan Hut Urn 9th - 8th for cremating bodies and placing them in urns that represent home. The shape of these urns suggests a change (advancement) in the shape of their homes. "Urnfield people"
48
Name two different potteries found
Villanovan Amphora
The finish is called Impasto. Very smooth finish.
Etruscan amphora
Bucchero finish. Shinier.
49
What information can we gather by comparing artifacts?
It is by comparing artifacts like this as grave goods that archeologists realize that the Villanova's were the early iron age people that evolved into Etruscans
Clarify Amphora impasto finish and Bucchero finish. This shows that the Villanovans evolved into the Etruscans.
50
Name some outside contacts and when they began to appear.
The Phoenicians were merchants from coastal areas (Syria and Lebanon) and the Greeks from Greece "helinista""Hellas"
Carthaginians are actually Phoenicians. They founded Carthage.
Made contact in…
Phoenicians 9-8th BC
Greeks 775 BC
51
How did Phoenicians conduct trade?
Phoenicians had long-distance trade by land and by sea. They were great sailors. May have even built some of the first fire signals for ships. They were not afraid to go far.
52
What was the social and political order of the Phoenicians
The social and political order of the Phoenicians were that they had city-states (meaning democracy) however they also had Kings and temples and priesthoods(organized religion) and association of powerful and rich merchants
53
When did the Phoenicians start to send settlements and trading expeditions?
Around 1000 Bc the leaders of the most powerful Phoenician cities (Tyre and Sidon) started to send settlements and trading expeditions as far as Spain. Started having contact with the Etruscans.
54
Where and when did the Phoenicians start cities?
The Phoenicians started cities on the coast of western Sicily in Corsica, Sardinia, Sicilia, North Africa, Spain, and Carthage in the 8th century BC.
55
What kind of relationship did the Carthaginians have with Rome?
In time the Carthaginians would become powerful enemies of Rome. But in the beginning, they would just trade.
Tyre and Sidon are Phoenician Cities, and the Phoenicians are from Syria and Lebanon
56
Where are Phoenicians from?
Tyre and Sidon are Phoenician Cities, and the Phoenicians are from Syria and Lebanon
57
Why does Greece start to found colonies in Italy?
After Greece starts to rebuild itself there is not enough food and land for everyone. Due to this, they decide to found colonies as opposed to the Phoenicians who settled away from Italy.
58
When did greeks start establishing colonies?
The Greeks in 775 in their first colony (pithecusa?)( Island on midwest coast) and then Cumae (750) (a Greek colony)
59
What was the relationship of the Greek colonies like with the Etruscans?
They trade with the Etruscans. Italy had a lot of Iron so they will be able to send to the mother city some goods. Farmland was vital so they can send wheat back to the mother colony.
60
What did the Greeks refer to themselves as?
Greeks refer to themselves as Hellian and they come from Helaas. The whole bottom peninsula is Magna Graecia.
61
What was the origin of the name Greek
Boeotia (Village of Graioi in Cumae?)
62
What was the name of the only Spartan colony?
Tarentum is the only colony of Sparta.
63
On what coast do you have more greek colonies start to form?
On the western coast, you have more greek colonies.
64
When do the three main areas go through a boom?
By the mid-8th (750) century BC (those three city's) go through a Civilization boom (policies, social and cultural changes) First form of Italian city-states. Similarities with Greek but with their own twist. Same with their religion. They borrow but they make it Roman.
65
What are the characteristics of a city-state?
A city-state has more organization.
We start seeing a clearly defined urban core (fountains, roads, open courtyards). Then we start seeing an elite (larger buildings larger post holes, more decorations, elaborate tombs, very good grave goods). Temples, religious areas, Markets, military areas, cemetery.
66
When does the Evolution of City-states occur?
From about 725 all the way to 480 is when this all started happening.
67
When does writing come to Italy?
During the 8th century, writing comes to Italy.
Greeks borrowed from trading with Phoenicians, Romans borrowed their alphabet from the Greeks but made it a little different.
68
How did writing come about?
Greeks borrowed from trading with Phoenicians, Romans borrowed their alphabet from the Greeks but made it a little different.
69
When do we find Greek and Etruscan texts?
By 700 we find greek and Etruscan text. As well as Latin texts. They appear in a script derived from the greeks.
70
When does writing start to become more common and where do we see it?
By the 7th and 6th centuries writing becomes more common and comes into its own. Mostly Etruscan, a little in Latin. Written on stone, bronze, or pottery.
71
What can we learn from Tombs?
By the end of the 8th century BC, we start to see the appearance of family tombs in Etruria. We see the influence of greek and the near east in their grave goods. We start to see armor, chariots, frescos, images of parties in their tombs.
72
What were the characteristics of Tombs in 600 BC?
600 B.C.
In the shape of a tumulus. Grass on the top so you can't see it. Made of limestone, easy to carve. Shaped like a home and decorated with frescos of sports, horse racing, and parties (what they were like in daily life) Fresco? Shows what kind of dishes, footwear, the fabric they had. Weapons, pots and pans, household goods, beds where they put the urns if they were cremated.
73
When do we start to see religious centers?
In the 6th (600) century you start
74
What were the characteristics of a greek temple?
- Can be accessed by all sides
| - All columns go around the inside room (The Cella)
75
What are the characteristics of a Roman temple (Etruscan)?
- Can only be accessed from the front
- High podium
- Cella at the back, no coulombs. The only columns are holding the roof of the porch at the front.
- Made with perishable materials
- Did sculptures on their roof our of terracotta
- Several doors
- Sometimes around some temples you have sculpted columns on the side called Engaged Columns
76
What do the Villanovians become?
Villanovans become Etruscans. Folorence is in etruria
In the late 8th century a number of communities in Etruria develop rapidly
77
How many Citys were the Etruscans?
A federation of 12 cities.
78
What was the etruscian language?
They have a common language. (Etruscan)
79
What were the Etruscan features of government?
They have similar features of government, and religion which they borrowed from the Greeks. (kings)
80
Did the Etruscans have similar urban planning with each other??
Yes
81
What were the relationships between the Etruscan cities like?
That being said, they were never fully united. They used to wage war on each other.
82
How do we know the Etruscans had armys?
In the 6th and 5th centuries, we see the tombs (for the elite). We know there was an army because of the decorations of the tombs.
83
What do ancient sources think about some of Rome's kings?
Ancient sources think that two of Rome's kings were Etruscans. Was Rome for a time under the rule of the Etruscans???? It is not clear.
84
What are the three periods that Roman history is divided into?
The monarchy: 753 - 510 BC
The republic 500 - 30 BC
The Empire 27 - 476
85
Where does Rome start?
Rome starts as a group of huts on the Palatine hill
86
What are the seven hills of Rome?
- Quirinal
- Viminal
- Capitoline
- Esquiline
- Palatine (Rome begins here from huts)(Becomes the elite area)(near the Tiber river/fresh water)
- Caelian
- Aventine
87
When did the area of Rome start being inhabited?
The area was inhabited from 1600 to 1300 (mid bronze age).
88
When did we start seeing burials in Rome?
Burials from 1000 BC
89
When do we start to see larger more advanced societies in Rome?
After 800 we start to see a larger more advanced, organized society.
90
When dose Rome starts converting its valley into a religious center?
By the 7th century, they start to convert the valley into a religious center.
91
How do they develop the marsh area in early Rome?
Eventually, all the marshes are drained and filled, plus a rough surface of beaten earth
92
When do you start seeing the Roman Forum?
In the 7th-6th century you start seeing the beginning of the forum
93
When do early Romans start using more durable materials in their buildings?
By 625 we start to see buildings made of stone with tiled roofs. Being built with more durable material.
94
When was the formation of the Forum Romanum and where did they put it?
650 would have been the formation of the Forum Romanum located near the Capitoline hills.
95
Who came up with the word barbarian?
The Greeks came up with the word barbarian for people who didn't speak greek
96
What are some issues with the credibility of the work of early roman historians?
Rome's historians started writing their history very late and they mixed reality with myth. They had a lot of backing up to do.
97
What inspired early Roman Historians?
What did the Romans want? They wanted a great legend akin to the trogon war of the Greeks. The greeks that colonized would tell them great stories that they wanted to replicate
When the Romans came into their own, they decided they needed some cool ancient history. They wanted to be decedents of the heroes of the Trojan war as well.
98
In order to replicate the greek's legendary history, what did Romans say they were descendent from?
They started their history saying they were descendants of Prince Aeneas, who had fled Troy with his little son and father on his back.
99
What are some notable characteristics of Prince Anchises?
- Anchises and son Ascanius.(1184 BC) Aeneas?
- Settle the mythical city of Albalonga, settled in Latium
- Fled Troy with his son.
- The sun of Venus with a mortal man. Settles in Italy. Therefore they are descendants of Venus. Broke up with dido from cartage in order to go to Italy to found a city.
The young man is Aeneus, who carries an older man—his father, Anchises—on his shoulder. Behind Aeneas follows his young son, Ascanius.
100
Who were the players in the Myth of Romulus and remus?
Numitor: last king of alba longa
Amulius: his evil brother
Rhea Silvia: daughter of numitor and vestal virgin
Mars: a god of a connoisseur of woman
Romulus and Remus: children of Mars and Rhea Silva
101
What is the myth of Romulus and Remus?
- Numator is the last king of Abelonga. Amulius sends him in exile.
- Numator has a beautiful daughter named Rhea Silvia.
- To prevent her from having children Amulius makes her a Vestal Virgin (Used to be picked from an early age from wealthy families to receive a dowery to the temple. They would tend the fire of Rome. If they were caught having sex they could be whipped, barred alive or placed in a wall.)
- Mars seduces Rhea Silvia, nine months later she gives birth to twins R and R.
- Children are exposed to die. Put them in a basket on the Tiber. Basket doesn't sink, but gets caught in the sand.
- She-wolf finds them and suckles them.
- Found by shepherd who raises them as their own.(Faustulus and Acca Larentia)
- One day there is a religious fest in a town nearby and the boys go there.
- The boys realize who their father is and what they do is that. They find out their uncle has seized the thrown and they put their grandfather back on the throne.
- Then they both decide to found a city where the wolf suckled them. On the Tiber.
- They then have to decide who is going to be king.
- They decide to observe the birds. Remus sees 3 birds flying. So Remus thinks he should be king. Then on the side of Romulus more birds fly so he thinks he should be king.
- Eventually Romulus starts the outline of the city on the Palatine hill.
- Remus relentlessly taunts Romulus as he is building the outline of the city
- Romulus ends up killing Remus because Remus kept taunting him on the walls.
102
What is the established foundation date of Rome?
-It is established that the date of the foundation of Rome is 753 BC.
103
What does REX mean in latin?
King
104
Where does the word Empire come from?
Empire comes from the word imperium.
105
What is the Myth of The Sabine Women?
- When Romulus founded Rome there were no woman.
- They get frustrated by this.
- In the Sabine there are a bunch of woman. They decide to attend a religious festival there, and at a signal they will grab a woman they like and bring them back to Rome.
- They bring the most beautiful one to Romulus.
- Romulus stops them from to brutalizing them he confines the men to be nice to them. Don't be brutish or harsh. Let them come to you.
- Eventually, the ladies gave in and married and gave children.
- All worked well until the father and brothers of those women decided to get their woman back to the Sabine region.
- When they arrive they start to fight with the Romans. Then the woman grabs their children and put themselves in between the warring parties and convince them to stop fighting.
106
Who is Varro?
Varro 116-27 BC. (ancient source, wrote very late.)
107
Who were the kings that ruled during the period of Monarchy?
Romulus 753 - 715 (Mythical?)
Numa Pompilius 715 - 673
Tullus hostilius 673-642
Ancus Marcius 642 - 617
Lucius Tarquinius Priscus (The elder) 616 - 579
Servius Tullius 578 - 535 (Built the Servian wall?)
Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (The proud) 534 - 510
108
What can be found from graffiti of the archaic era?
Found from graffiti of archaic era that people spoke a Latin dialect but also an Etruscan. The Latin dialect had an Etruscan influence.
109
What do we believe was going on during the transition of a monarchy to a republic?
The last king goes to 510 but the republic doesn't start till 500. We believe that between these years there was a civil uprising to get rid of the kings…
110
What is the myth of the beginning of the republic?
Sextus Tarquinius Superbus and Lucretia
- Sextus was the sun of Lucius (Last king)
- Was in love with Lucretia
- She was married to Lucius Tarquinius Collantinus
- Once her lover was away, Sextus rapes her.
- She was a virtuous roman woman.
- She commits suicide to avoid bringing shame upon her house.
- Her husband's buddy Lucius Junius Brutas and Publius Valerius Publicola.
- While the king is absent, they take the city by force and kick out any other contender to the throne.
- Historians think it took 10 years because it gives time for a revolt to push out the Etruscans. 510 - 500 BC which explains the gap between the monarchy and the Republic
- This was all probably a myth
- Realistically, it was probably due to riots and uprisings to push out the kings.
111
What are examples of non-literary evidence?
Non-literary evidence is archeology which shows us:
- monuments
- artifacts,
- Ecofacts (bones, woods, things that derogated over time)
- Numismatics
- Inscriptions
- Papyri
112
What is the significance of Agatha Christie?
Agatha Christie was married to an archeologist and her writing helped to fund this work.
113
What do monuments tell us?
- They tell us about architecture
- Building technology which may be inspired by a different culture which helps make correlations and the influence civilizations had on each other.
- Access to material shows us trade and who they trade with.
- Religion, we find out about the gods and the goddesses and various temples. The temple to vesta is circular.
- When we excavate houses we find out about domestic life.
- Politics, we have political buildings.
- Monuments teach us a lot without the use of text. Artifact (pottery and glass). Pottery is the best dating artifact because everyone uses it.
- Outside influences/contacts. The great dating of the bronze age Greece was dated by Egyptian pottery. Eventually we find in higher levels that Athenians started trading and the fashion changed and everyone was buying Athenian pottery. Say your great grandmother gives you an heirloom that you pass down a lot and all the sudden an excavator finds it and it can throw off dating as it may be older. Ancient glass. The glass assemblage is all the ancient glass. The roman military used transparent glass (more modern) but the people in the colony used saturated colored glass. The Etruscans started getting potter from ancient Athens and started making their own utilizing the style. Clay analysis (insouciance).
114
What do Artifacts like pottery and glass tell us?
- Dating (ancient Greece was dated by Egyptian artifacts that they could correlate and create a chronology)
- Trade (Ancient Corinthians used to export their paintings. The Athenians started trading which effected Fashion)
- Daily Life (What kind of dishes they used. Ancient glass found, the glass assemblage, showed the roman miltary sights would use transparent glass while the people in the colony would use saturated colored glass.)
- Influence (The Etruscans start getting pottery from Athens and started making their own utilizing the style.)
- Fashion (In pottery and glass)
- Clay Analysis (Broken pottery has a specific thickness. Inside the pottery, we will see what is called Inclusionce. These held certain kinds of minerals which told us a lot. Sometimes they can pinpoint where the clay came from.
115
What is Amphora/stamp
- Vessels of various size used to carry olive oil, wine and Garum.
- Garum is used on everything for the romans. It is fish sauce.
- The shape means they could be carried by ships, used for shipping.
- Designed to fit into grids with sand on ships so they would not break on their voyage.
- Had stamps which represented the company. Essentially a label.
- There was counterfeit labels.
116
What do we learn from Statues and Busts?
Statues and Busts
- They tell us about religion, Gods, goddesses
- Fashion (fashion changes and statues reflect those changes) Sandals, the sole reflected differences. Greek's used a thicker sole.
- Jewelry, what kind they wore when. -Specific Portraits. Busts reflect famous or powerful people at the time.
- Family traditions. Romans were very interested in their ancestry. They used to have busts of all their ancestors. (upper class).
- Artistic evolution (Some of the earlier portraits are done in such a way. Earlier is done with wrinkles but under Augustus, everything was pristine.)
117
What can we learn from Hairdos?
The sculptors had to come up with a way of sculpting the hair, which means they needed some kind of drill. In different media we see different stuff.
When you start having high class women they would set trends with their hair. The court used to dictate the style.
118
What is Numismatics and what can we learn from it?
Study of coins Coins
Teaches us about…
- Identify Portraits (sometimes buts are hard to identify, so often they use coins to correlate images to identify portraits or busts.
- monuments (Monuments may have disappeared, but on coins we have representations of monuments that can give us more information. This helpted them finda barge that served for a lighthouse. )
- rulers (when they ruled, what were their names.)
- Trade (When they find different coins from different places it helps us to track movement and trade routes.
- battles (They can depict battles)
- Special Events
- religion (early coins used to have gods or goddesses of their village or city state)
119
What can we learn from inscriptions and where do we find them?
Inscriptions
Epigraphy - Science which studies inscriptions
Inscriptions are often written using abbreviations
They are a non-literary text.
Two types of writing: Monumental and Cursive
Inscriptions are found on:
- Coins
- Buildings
- Graphite
- Tombs
- Defixo (Specifically Roman. Written on lead. They are bad luck on someone. Found in converts of water if you wanted vengeance on someone. Also used in gambling on things like chariot races to lessen odds for someone else There were professionals who did this.),
- Roman Miles,
- Statues,
- Dedications,
- Stelae(Long flat stones)/Tables (Laws
- Buildings
- Graffiti
- Tombs (they will put the name of an entire family on a tomb. Teaches about them and the way they lived.)
120
What is Papyrus and what can we learn from it?
Papyrus
- Found in Egypt.
- Post Alexander the Great
- Used to be recycled
- Daily life
- Shopping lists,
- Marriage contracts
- Letter of complaints
- Contracts
- Personal information
- Comes from the papyrus plant
- Leaves were intertwined and flattened
- When you were finished with it they would use a pummis stone to polish the edges.
121
What were Vindolanda Tablets and what kind if inscriptions were found on them?
Vindolanda Tablets
- Roman
- Found in Great Britain
- Found at the Fort of Vindolanda
- Daily life on the frontier
- letters to friends
- lists (what they were going to sacrifice to a god or goddess.)
- Birthday invitation (Claudia Severa)
122
What is Epigraphy?
Epigraphy
- science which studies inscriptions
- Inscriptions are often written using abbreviations.
123
What was the tax on Urine?
Tax on Urine
Urine was used to keep togas white. Collected at public washrooms. They use vinegar on a sponge on a stick to wash.
The urine was taxed at the laundromat.
Alkaline
they would pee into vats and rich people would buy them to whiten their togas.
124
What was the significance of Gladiator sweat?
Gladiator sweat
Gladiators would cover their bodies in olive oil before a match. Woman were crazy about them. When they finished fighting they would scrape their body but their sweat was put in jars and rich older woman would buy it and put it on their face to help with wrinkles.
125
What is the story of the Laundromat for sale?
Laundromat for sale
It was closing and they were auctioning on some stuff. If you buy something you get a slave for free. Sisyphus was one of these slaves. A single older woman bought a chandelier and got him for free. It is believed that he became her lover and when she passed away she gave it to him.
126
What is Literary evidence?
Includes Plays, commentaries, poetry histories and speeches.
On 10 percent of classic literary evidence survives
127
How can we divide literary evidence?
Divided into 2
- The Republic till Julius caesar
- The empire from Augustus
128
What did the early Roman historians had at their disposal to write a history
What the early Roman historians had at their disposal to write a history
- Offical priestly records (annales and fasti)
- Legands and mythology
- Native Roman Origins (more based on real life then mythology)
- Oral Tradition
- Family records (upper class kept recods of ther families.)
- Treaties and law (Warfair is included.
129
When does Roman history start in literature?
The Romans came into their history very late. It starts in 240 BC (Literature)
130
When do the histories tend to start?
History starts after 2nd Punic war
131
When dose Rome become the dominant power in the Mediterranean?
By the end of the 3rd century, BC Rome is going to be a dominant power in the Mediterranean.
132
Who tends to write the histories?
The histories tend to be written by the rich the senetors.. They have Otium. Otium is leisure.
133
What was a quality of Roman history that effects its credibility?
History was a form of art. They were allowed artistic liberty to end a story the way they liked it. Let them put their ancestors in a good light
134
How can we cross-reference written roman history?
Use literature and archoligy to corroborate. Not just their written histor
135
How many years of history did they have to reconstruct?
Because they started so late, they had to reconstruct 500 years of history.
136
Who kept the official records?
Offical records were kept by priests.
137
What were the Annales?
In the annales which were posted in the forum
We have the annalles consulares.
We have the annalas Triumphalus (when they win a battle certain generals are awarded one.)
The regular one tracked memorable events (floods, decolarion of wars ect..)
138
Who was Publius Mucius Scaevola
Publius Mucius Scaevola
Annales maxima in 80 books, ca 120 BC
The Pontifex Maximus. That means the high priest.
He decideds that he is going to put all the annales into 80 books called the Annales maximi
139
Who was Quintus Fabius Pictor
Quintus Fabius Pictor
- First Roman Historian (that we know of)
- Was a Senator
- He had Otium (Leisure)
- Fought in the Punic Wars 218-202 BC (Probably the second one)
- Wrote a History of Rome from 784 - 200 BC
- "The Annals of Rome" (not to be confused with the annalas Maxami)
- He wrote in Greek
- No Latin Prose then
140
What were some of the Problems with the ancient source
We only have 10 percent of literary sorces avaliable to us.
Some of the histories fell out of favor. People stop reading them, and stop copying them.
Some have completely disappeared. We know of them because they were quoted by other authors.
When you can you should have two sources that deal with the same topic
141
Who were the main historians of the republic period?
Main Histories of the Republican Period
- Marcus Porcius Cato (liked to go commando)
- Polybius of Megalopolis(Greek)
- Marcus Tullius Cicero
- Gaius Julius Caesar
- Marcus Terentius Varro
- Gaius Sallustius Crispus (write about the ecoline comsperacy)
- Diodorus of Sicily
- Titus Livus
142
Who was Marcus Porcius Cato
Marcus Porcius Cato
234 - 149 B.C.
Founder of latin prose
-de argicultura (on Agriculture 162 chapters)
Latin nationalist, didn't like things that weren't Latin.
Soldier and statesman. Upper class. Did not like the rise of Hellenism (Greek stuff). So he wrote his work in Latin prose (De argicultura) in Latin with a Greek twist. Structure is Greek language is Latin.
The rich and famous often had large farms called Latifundia. Large agricultural estates. 100s of slaves.
Wrote the book for rich people on how to run their farms. Farm management for farm owners, also on slavery.
143
Who was Polybius of Megalopolis
Polybius of Megalopolis
200 - 117 B.C
-Histories
(General History of the Mediterranean in 40 books covering 220 B.C to 146 B.C)
2 Books introduction
Only the first 5 books (up to 216 B.C) survive.
Son of the leader of the achian league (sp??)(group of cities who would have fought against the romans.) Fought along side the Macedonians against the romans.
Romans asked for 1000 hostages. Wanted high class people. Polybius was one of these hostages.
battle of pydna (won in 168 BC.)
Inmate of a rich family called the Scipios.
He became Romanized. These hostages were treated very well so t hat when they went back to their countries they would speak praise of Rome.
He is a trustworthy author.
He praises the rise of Romans.
144
Who was Marcus Tullius Cicero
Marcus Tullius Cicero
- 57 Speeches (81 - 43 B.C.)
- 864 Letters (774 by Cicero, 90 by various Friends)
- De republica in 6 Books (about the republic of rome. We only have 1/3 of it left.)
- De legibus in 5 Books (roman law. Only 3 of the books left)
- Orator, Brutus, De Oratory (How to make the best speech)
- Treatises on old age, Friendship, The nature of Gods, Divination, the ends of good and evil, Tusculan Disputation.
Gifted speaker, Brilliant Lawyer. Had the best education avaliable.
Was a Novus homo, a new man. They have been made.
One of the best contemporary sources from 81 - 43. He can be relied on.
Was sent to exile. Wrote letters to his wife.
145
Who was Gaius Julius Caesar
Gaius Julius Caesar
100 - 44 B.C
- Commentarii de Bello Civili, 3 books, (49 - 45 B.C)(second)
- Commentarii de bello gallico, 7 Books. (59 - 52 B.C.)(first)(Military memoirs.)(He discusses gouls, germans, brits)
A commentary is a scrap book of his campaign. Includes letters, military dispatch, summary of battle, notes, roll calls.
he wrote it in such a way that when he brought it back to a historian, nobody wanted to touch it because it was already perfect.
Cicsro admired the commentaries.
Justifies his actions, he broke a lot of laws.
His writing style is called the Attic style. Pure style. No run on sentences. Very simple vocabulary. Gets right to the point.
Finds out about the roman military institution.
His commentary of the civil war from 49 - 45 is accurate although biased.
146
Who was Marcus Terentius Varro
Marcus Terentius Varro
116-27 B.C
- Roman Antiquities in 41 Books (tiny fragments)
- De Lingua Latina in 25 books (Only 6 remain)(on the origin of the Latin word)
- De Re Rustica in 3 books. (landed estates management) (Completely intact)
Knows a bit about everything.
Put a large amount of work (74 works in 620 books)
147
Who was Giaus Sallustinus Crispus (sallust)
Giaus Sallustinus Crispus (sallust)
86 - 35 B.C
- Histories in 5 books (78 to 67 B.C.)(Only have fragments)
- The Jugurthine War (The wars against Jugurthia)(Near cartage)
- The Catilinarian War (the Catilin conspiracy)(Instact)
Active public career.
Adheriant of julius ceasar
Retired from politics after the assignation of Caesar
He tries to explain the cost of political events and motives.
We have to be careful with him because his geography and chronology is inaccurate.
148
Who was Diodorus of Sicily
Diodorus of Sicily
80 - 29 Bc.
-Historical Library in 40 Books(General history of the world.)(Books 1 to 5, 11 to 20, Fragments remain.)
Greek. Greek writer.
Useful information on roman history for the years 480-302
He's a bit dull, can be inaccurate. Chronicles information from secondary sources. Bit of everything
BUT
he quotes Hellenistic sources that have disappeared which makes him invaluable.
explains problems regarding alexander the great.
149
Who was Tutus Livus
Tutus Livus
59 BC - 17 AD
- Ab Urbe Condita Libri in 142 Books (1 - 10)(About 293 BC)(21 - 45 which cover 218 - 167 BC)(Fragments)
- "From the Founding of the City"
"tit Liv"
From padoa (region of the pope)
For many periods he is the only authority we have.
150
Dates of the first two Punic wars
The Punic Wars
264 - 241 (first)
218 - 200 (Second)
151
What is the Course of Honors and when did it start?
Cursus Honorum: The Course of Honors
```
The Magistracies:
1 - Quaestor
2- Aedile
3 - Praetor
4 - Consul
```
Occurs from the beginning of 500 BC
152
Why were the magistracies formulated?
When the Romans kicked out the kings, they needed to replace them/ the admin.
So they established the Magistracies.
153
What were the first two social classes in early Rome?
The two classes:
The rich, the patrician
All the rest, plebians
154
What kind of people went into the Magistracies?
The Magistracies are where the young rich patricians went into politics.
First, you had to do military service. If you were rich you were behind the lines.
When they return they start.
155
Were The Magistraciies paid?
No
156
What is Imperium:
Imperium: The divine right to lead the army and you can order the death penalty. Supreme authority in romes affair vested in certain officeholders who alone could command troops and impose the death penalty.
157
What is a Quaestor?
```
1: Quaestor
Junior magistracy
30 years old
Looks after financial affairs
2 to 20 elected. (as Rome grew its Empire)
Monitoring taxation
Control Government finances
Later control financial matters in the province
Obligatory
No Imperium.
```
Can only be voted Quaestor or run for it when you are at least 30 years old
When you are elected you serve for 1 year. Not paid but looks good one resume
If you don’t do this level, you don't go further.
158
What is a Aedile
2: Aedile
```
Junior magistracy
36 years old
1 year term
4 elected
Maintain and repair urban infrastructures
Monitor markets for fair trade
Enforce uniform Weights and measures
Stage public Festivals
Not obligatory
No Imperium
```
159
What is a Praetor?
3: Praetor
```
Senior Magistracy
39 Years old
1 year
From 1 to 8 Elected (as Rome grew its Empire)
Judicial Functions
Oversees Law Courts
Runs Judicial System
Obligatory
Has Imperium
Could Replace a consul in an emergency
```
160
What is a Consul?
4: Consul
```
Senior Magistracy
42 Years old
1 Year
2 elected (So not to be too much like a king. When one goes to war the other can stay. Keeps an eye on each other)
Chief executive of the state
General of Rome's army
Has Imperium
```
161
What were the tribunes of the Plebs?
Tribunes of the Plebs
```
27 years old
1 Year
2 to 10 elected by plebians
Propose legislations
Power of veto
Can convene the assembly
Sacrosanctity (If anybody hits or kills a tribune, they are outlawed immediately. Wanted dead or alive)
```
162
What were Senate/Senators?
```
Senate/Senators
Advisory Body
300 Members
No Legislative power
One can join the Senate after serving in a senior magistracy
Member for life
```
163
What was a Dictator?
Dictator
Appointed by the Senate
6 months term (can be renewed)
Mostly in dire times
His command is above everybody. Even the consuls
He has Imperium
He appoints his Magister equitum (his deputy)
The Senate appoints a Dictator in dire times.
164
What was the Magister Equitum
Magister Equitum
| Appointed by the Dictator as his second in command or Deputy
165
What were the Lictors carrying Fasces
Lictors carrying Fasces
Body guards of magistrate with(out?) Imperium
The consul has 12
Taken from the destitute class (plebeians
Carry the fasces
(An axe surrounded by a bundle of rods decorated with purple ribbons)
Plebians who distinguished themselves would be recruited into this role
166
What was the Centuraite assembly
Centuraite assembly
-All citizens
-193 centuries
-Presided by Consuls or praetors
-Elects consuls, praetors and censors
-Normally votes only on issues of war and peace
-Hears citizens appeals on capitcal charges
The richer you were the closer to number 1 Century you would be placed
Based on revenue
Each century has one vote
After half the cenry has voted in favor, they close the vote. This is a way of keeping lower class people from participating in politics.
The rich centuries are smaller
167
What was the Tribal assembly
Tribal assembly
-All citizens
-35 tribes (after 241 bc, 31 rural and 4 urban)
-Presided by Consuls or Praetor
-elects curule aediles and quaestors
-Votes on proposals made by a consul or a praetor
-Issues verdicts in trials
Accept and reject proposed laws
Typically the first ones to vote are the ones closest to Rome. After half votes in favor, the stop
168
What was the Plebians assembly
Plebians assembly
- only plebians
- 35 tribes
- presided by the tribune of the plebs
- Elects tribunes of the plebs and plebeian aediles
- Votes on proposals made by the tribune of the plebs
- Issues verdicts in trials
169
Who eventually got elected dictator for life?
Julius Caesar eventually got appointed dictator for life which got him in trouble.
170
How did they make laws during the rule of kings?
During the rule of kings they made the laws, heavily influenced by religion.
171
How were laws established during the New Republic?
With a new republic, laws had to be established over public unrest. The Patricians started moving into the magistracies and started throwing their weight around too heavily. Making laws as they went along to suit their needs. This created public unrest.
172
What was the Decemvri
First Commission: 451 B.C
Second Commission: 450 B.C
Decem - ten
Viri - men
They held supreme power and superseded the council.
They had to produce a body of law to regulate the public.
Instead of locking themselves up to make up the laws they listened to the people. All the people including the poor. Anyone that can bring forth an idea.
They had a good year but it wasn’t enough. By 450 BC a second commission was formed to finish the task.
173
What were the twelve tables?
. These laws were not a code in the modern sense. Instead, they were a collection of specific, detailed, and narrowly focused provisions. They best fit a society where the family and the household are the fundamental units of social life, and agriculture and animal rearing the primary economic activities. The authors of the laws addressed aspects of marriage and divorce, inheritance, and the rights of a father over members of his household. They attempted to regulate disputes over the ownership of land and its boundaries, farm buildings and fences, livestock, fruitbearing trees, and slaves, as well as conflicts that arose over injuries to persons or property. Proce dural matters loom large. Plaintiffs themselves were responsible for notifying the other parties, for ensuring their attendance in person for trial in the Forum or Comitium, and for collecting any judgments awarded. When defendants did not appear for trial, the Twelve Tables authorized plaintiffs, after summoning wit nesses, to seize defendants by force and bring them to court.
174
What was the Latifuda?
Large farms by rich were called the latifudia.
175
What was the pater familias
The pater familias, also written as paterfamilias, was the head of a Roman family. The pater familias was the oldest living male in a household, and could legally exercise autocratic authority over his extended family. The term is Latin for "father of the family" or the "owner of the family estate"
176
What would happen with abandoned children?
Abandoned children were oftenen left and adopted by childless couples.
177
WHo were the Patricians?
Patricians - old nobility, some decended from the etruscians. It's obscure.
They were the landed gentry.
They operated large exploitations. They had the money.
They held the magistracies and priesthoods.
178
What was some of the civil unrest that was occurring around 500 BC?
The plebs started feeling bad because the patricians started to monopolize all the new offices.
As officials they had the ability to punish At will.
The landed gentry put the smaller farmers in debt.
They could put in new laws to suit their needs. Keep the Plebs down.
179
What did the Plebians want?
The plebs outnumbered the patricians, and they weren’t necessarily poor. You had plebs that were farmers, you had rich plebs, some richer then the patricians but still had no access to the magricacies. Artisans.
Because their status is different in the Pleb class, they have different interests. The poor want to change the problem of land debt, and the rich plebs want access to the magricacies.
180
How did the Plebians manage to get their grievences heard?
According to ancient sources they only had one way of being heard.
Secession . The bulk of the army was Plebs. What the plebs would do right before they go to war, they would walk out on the patricians and go onto a hill outside of rome and appoint a leader who would go see the patricians to made demands. The plebs would stay on the hill until their grievances were heard.
181
What resulted from Secession?
This resulted in the creation of The Tribunes of the Plebs. (They had veto so they could veto any unfair laws. They could convene the voting assemble, they could propose legislation, and they could bodily intervene, if a tribune was touched they would be outlawed.)
182
What was the name of the hill that the Plebs went to to do Secession?
The hill they would go onto was called The Aventine.
183
Who did rome appoint during Secession?
When this happened they would have to appoint a dictator for up to 6 months. This dictator was Marcus Furius Camillius. 4th Century BC. It was his job to resolve the "strike". This is what eventually lead to the formation of the Tribune of the Plebs.
The one that lead to the Tribune of the plebians Occurred in 367
184
What notewory occurece happened in 396 BC?
396 BC
The romans go to war and catch the Etruscan city of Veii. Veii was about 16 Km from Rome. It was a wealthy and powerful city state. For Rome this was something big. They had fought in the past for the leadership of smaller cities. This time they go in for conquest. They had a siege but couldn't break it. There was a stalemate
185
What did the romans do to combat Veii?
They appoint a dictator. Marcus Furius Camillus. He lead them into victory.
- It eliminates Veii as an autonomous city
- Veii became Roman territory.
- The Romans offered citizenship to some of those from Veii.
- They expelled or enslaved all the others. (the bad guys)
Now Rome sees themselves as a strong powerful military force. It changes their image of themselves as country folk to something better and stronger.
186
What army caused trouble for the Romans in 387 BC?
In 387 BC there was a large army of Gauls who were plundering the upper Tiber valley, and then they moved down to Rome, defeated a roman army and entered the city.
The Hellenistic kings gave them land and they were called Galatians.
There were large movements, they were big strong guys. They may even have wiped out some of Etruscan cities around 5th century
187
What are some notible facts about the Gauls?
- They have no urban culture
- No social or political organization
- Instead you had aristracratic families and their armed followers. They would assemble large forces to raid across the Apennines into persisted into the 3rd century BC.
- The Greeks and Romans saw them as uncivilized, warlick, expansionist, raidetery.
- Came into Rome, attacked Rome, took its treasury, and left the romans without their treasury. The romans were defeated.
188
What did Rome do in response to the Gauls?
They get Marcus furius camillius defeated the army and recovered the treasure that was taken from the city.
189
When and how many times was Marcus furius camillius elected Dictator?
Marcus was dictator in 396, 387, 367 and it is believed he was 5 times a dictator
190
What woke the Romans up when the Gauls came to attack?
When the gauls came to attack it was the sacret geese that made the alarm and woke the romans.
191
What was the Dilectus
By the 4th Century BC there is a pettern of warfare. Was undertaken every year
Every years, campaigns were taken. Becomes central in political and religious life. Shaped the lives and carriers of roman life.
The councels were the leaders of the army. They were responsible for war. The month of March was dedicated to Mars. They would levvy an army for this years campaign. Included rituals and sacrafice. Victory is a divin favor so the leaders would have to proform a ritual to ask the gods for victory.
Military camps would have temples where they would offer to the gods before battle. They kept their colors and standards there, used to help people on the battle feield to locate their allies.
192
When did the Dilectus occure and what happened
Each year in March, a large number of elegible male citizens of age came to rome for the Levy which was the Dilectus. They had farmers, plebs. They would go to rome for the Dilectus.
Some are chosen to be in the Consuls army.
Armys are organized.
Warfare was a seasonal affair.
In march you had the Levy, war takes palces before the harvest in late may early june.
193
How would romans conduct warfare
They walk on the enemy and live off the land of the enemy. Prevent the enemy from living off their own land, which causes them to starve over the winter.
Sometiems they would burn or steal the crops so the enemy would have nothing.
The defender could seek formal battle or they could retreat untill the invaders left.
In those days there were rarly pitched battles (face to face battles)
the campaigns are brif, a few weeks or months. The soldiers are discharged to go back to their families.
Sometimes the defender surrendered, in which case they would have long term dominance by the romans. If not the tomans would campaign against them again in the future.
194
When did the Latin war occure
Latin War 341-338 BC.
195
How would the Romans expand their army and citizen body?
Part of the delectus was that you needed to have a "postal code". That means that the poor with no land could not be part of the army.
The farmers wanted to fight to get more land. Land was distributed to the poor who had no land. With the land that meant they could enroll in the army. This would grow the army and citizen body.
196
What marks the end to the atonomy of Latin cities?
During the 3rd and 4th centry BC. Romans wage war to several comminuties, as well as make alliences.
You could either fight or make alliances against the Romans.
During the Latin Wars, mark the end of the autonomy of the Latin cities. The Latin cities feared the romans, and to oppose them they were joined by others.
197
Other then the Latins, who else did the Romans go to war against during the 4th to 3rd Century?
Romans also fought
Volsci
The Companions
The Samnites
The romans wernt the only ones trying to expand. Everyone was which leadto conflict.
198
Who was Titus Manlius Torquatu
One of the two Consuls
His son killed an enemy in single combat, but Titus had to kill his son. He put his son to death for disobeying the order that no roman citizen should in engage in single combat. To show the virtuousness of an official that places the republic and welfare of the state above his family.
199
What happened to the Latin communities of the Latium after the Latin wars?
After the Latin wars, the Latin communities of the Latium were incorporated into the Roman state. They gave citizenship to some people, which grew their army.
Not everyone was granted citizen ship
200
What was a Municipium/a?
A conqured are that was...
- Retained old civic organization
- Could not make wor or peace on their own
- Their citizens served in the roman army
- If they were present in Rome they could vote
- A municipium whose citizens cannot vote is a : Municipium Sine Suffragio (Capua was one of these. Could not vote.)
Different municipiuma had different rights.
The urban places the romans took over would exist under a treaty with limited power.
Some had the status of Municipium. If you were a conquered town, the romans would give you this title.
201
What were the conditions andr rights of romes Allies/Socii(allies)
Allies/Socii(allies)
- Kept their old Latin rights
- Could either into lawful marriage with Romans: Ius Conubium
- Had the right to take up residence in Rome by Moving there: Ius Migrationis
- Had right to enter into legally enforcable contracts with Roman Citizens: ius ommercium
- They became known as "Allies of the Latin Name"
Some were completely surrounded by roman territory. They would make you an ally.
202
How did Rome deal with people that fought them for too long?
Some communities that fought against Rome for too long were treated poorly
- the romans confiscated their lands
- Displaced and enslaved the inhabitants
- Because they had taken the land and enslaved them, they settled their own roman citizens on their land.
