Test One

Question 1

Neoplasia

Answer 1

Mean new growth
-implies abnormalities of cellular growth
Malignant neoplasm is cancer
Benign growth is generally easily cured
Malignant cancer may not be survivable
-cancer is associated with altered 

Question 2

Malignant tumor

Answer 2

1-can kill host if untreated
2-Confirmed by invasive or metastasizing nature
3-Tissue specific differentiation does not closely resemble tissue type of origin and the greater degree of anaplasia indicates aggressive malignancy

Question 3

Malignant tumor 2

Answer 3

Grows rapidly
May initiate tumor vessel growth
Frequently Necrotic
 Dysfunctional

Question 4

Benign tumor

Answer 4

Does not have potential to kill host but may be life-threatening because of its location
Does not invade adjacent tissue or spread to distant sites
Many are encapsulated
More closely resembles original tissue type
Grows more slowly
Little Vascularity
Rarely necrotic
Often retains original function

Question 5

-oma

Answer 5

Benign tumor

Ie-Adenoma

Question 6

-carcinoma
or sarcoma

Answer 6

Malignant tumor

Question 7

Carcinoma

Answer 7

Epithelial origin

Question 8

Sarcoma mesenchymal

Answer 8

Nerve bones muscles origin

Question 9

Leukemia

Answer 9

White blood cells

Question 10

Carcinogen

Answer 10

Potentially cancer-causing agent

Question 11

Porto-oncogene

Answer 11

Enhance growth producing pathways

Question 12

Oncogene

Answer 12

Porto-oncogene in its mutant overactive form

Question 13

Tumor suppressor gene

Answer 13

Inhibits cell proliferation
Cancers may arise when tumor suppressor gene function is lost or abnormally inhibited

Question 14

Porto-oncogenes

Answer 14

Normal cellular genes that can be transformed into oncogenes by activating mutations
Gain of function mutations for for
-growth factors
-receptors
- cytoplasmic signaling molecules
-nuclear transcription factors

Question 15

Growth factor(mitogens)

Answer 15

Small cell manufactured peptides
-secretes into extra cellular space
Diffuse to nearby cells
-interact with receptors on target cell surface
-activate signaling cascade; can produce autocrine signaling(excessive self stimulated growth)

Question 16

Growth factor receptors

Answer 16

Transmembrane proteins
-mitogen binding area on outside of cell
-enzyme activating area on inside of cell
Binding activates cell proliferation
Mutations lead to excessive responsiveness by
-expression of receptors that should not be there at all
- excessive amounts of normally present receptor
-receptors with abnormally high affinity

Question 17

Cytoplasmic signaling pathways

Answer 17

Involve numerous enzymes and chemicals that normally function to transmit signals from activated receptors at cell surface to cell nucleus
-mutant Porto-oncogene can activate pathway, even when no signal received at cell surface

Question 18

Atrophy

Answer 18

Cells shrink and reduce their differentiated functions in response to normal and injures factors

Question 19

Hyper trophy

Answer 19

Increase in cell mass accompanied by an augmented functional capacity in response to physiologic and pathophysiologic demands

Question 20

Hyperplasia

Answer 20

Increase in functional capacity related to an increase in cell number due to mitotic division

Question 21

Metaplasia

Answer 21

Replacement of one differentiated cell type with another

Question 22

Dysplasia

Answer 22

Disorganized appearance of cells because of abnormal variations in size sheet and arrangement potential to transform into cancerous cells

Question 23

Fat necrosis

Answer 23

Appears as a chalky white area around the tissue also in the pancreas

Question 24

Caseous necrosis

Answer 24

Characteristics of lung damage secondary to tuberculosis resembles a clumpy cheese most likely found in the lungs

Question 25

Liquefactive

Answer 25

Occurs with dissolution of dead cells liquefication of lysosomal enzymes formation of abscess or cyst from dissolved dead tissue found in the brain

Question 26

Coagulative

Answer 26

Process that begins with ischemia most likely seen in the heart but also can be seen and gangrene

Question 27

Apoptosis

Answer 27

Occurs in response to injury that does not directly kill the cell, activate a cellular suicide response

Question 28

Somatic death

Answer 28

Death of an entire organism no inflammation or immuno logical response occurs prior to death. General features are cessation of respirations and heartbeat presence of stiffen muscles throughout body after the death then flaccid and then release of free radicals and lytic enzymes

Question 29

Do red cells have a higher affinity to oxygen are carbon monoxide?

Answer 29

Carbon monoxide

Question 30

P 53 gene is also called

Answer 30

Guardian angel of tumor until he has mutated

Question 31

Most common cancer in children is?

Answer 31

ALL

Question 32

Major cause of death in leukemia is?

Answer 32

Infection

Question 33

What cells are affected in HIV

Answer 33

T cells

Question 34

When you have a patient with HIV what characterized them that they have aids now?

Answer 34

CD4 count goes under 200 or their predisposed to pneumonia. When we go under 200 we treat for pneumonia. HIV is replicated in the G.I. tract