Test One

Question 1

Define homeostasis

Answer 1

When the body is regulating various physiological. processes to keep itself at equilibrium

Question 2

Describe the mammalian cell, listing the names of the following structures and organelles: cell membrane; cytoplasm; cytoskeleton; mitochondria; endoplasmic reticulum (bought and smooth); ribosomes; Golgi apparatus; secretory vesicles; lysosomes; peroxisomes; nuclear membrane; nucleus; nucleolus; centromere; cilia and flagella; microvilli

Answer 2

Mammalian cells differ structurally because they perform different functions; they depend on other cells; majority eukaryotic cells

Cell membrane: walls for protection

Cytoplasm:

Cytoskeleton:

Mitochondria: energy to run the equipment

Endoplasmic Reticulum:

Ribosomes:

Golgi apparatus:

Secretory vesicles:

Lysosomes:

Peroxisomes:

Nuclear Membrane:

Nucleus:

Nucleolus:

Centromere:

Cilia and Flagella:

Microvilli:

Question 3

Describe the constituents of extracellular fluid

Answer 3

very large amounts of Na, lots of Cl, very little K

Question 4

Describe the constituents of intracellular fluid

Answer 4

lots of K, a little bit of Na, and very little Cl

Question 5

Define and compare the following membrane transport mechanisms: diffusion; osmosis; osmotic pressure; filtration; facilitated diffusion; active transport; endocytosis and exocytosis (phagocytosis, pinocytosis)

Answer 5

Diffusion:

Osmosis:

Osmotic Pressure:

Filtration:

Facilitated Diffusion:

Active Transport:

Endocytosis and Exocytosis:

Question 6

Describe the effects of the following conditions on the cell: isotonicity; hypertonicity; hypotonicity

Answer 6

Isotonicity: In an isotonic solution, the solute concentration is equal inside/surrounding the cell, therefore the net movement in/out is stable and the cell maintains its shape

Hypertonicity: Cell placed in hypertonic solution, therefore concentration greater within solution and water moves out of cell (shrinks)

Hypotonicity: Cell placed in hypotonic solution, therefore concentration greater within cell and water moves into the cell (swells)

Question 7

Describe the basic structure and function of the following organic molecules: carbohydrates; lipids; proteins; nucleic acids; DNA; RNA; adenosine triphosphate

Question 8

Discuss normal chromosomes in relation to number and basic function

Question 9

Define the following terms: gene; genotype; phenotype; karyotype; diploid; haploid; chromatin; autosome; dominant; recessive; homozygous; heterozygous; recessive; karyotype; locus; alleles; homozygous; heterozygous

Question 10

Identify on a diagram and explain function of cell connections: desmosomes; gap junction; tight junction

Question 11

Differentiate between the terms transcription and translation

Question 12

Describe the cell life cycle, naming the four stages and stating the major events occurring in each state

Question 13

name and briefly describe the events in each of the stages of mitosis and meiosis, stating the purpose for each process

Question 14

Describe the molecular structure of DNA

Question 15

Discuss how cells adapt to changing conditions and identify how these changes may be harmful to the body

Question 16

Describe the three main stages of prenatal developmenet

Question 17

Describe the formation of the three germinal layers

Question 18

Define the term organogenesis

Question 19

Identify from which germ layer the following organ sand tissues originate: epidermis of skin; brain and spinal cord; lens of the eye; muscles; bone and cartilage; blood; dermis of skin; kidneys; connective tissue; lining of digestive and respiratory systems; secretory parts of liver and pancreas; urinary bladder; thyroid; parathyroid; thymus

Question 20

List the four basic tissues of the human body

Question 21

For the following types of epithelium indicate the location and function of the following: simple squamous; simple cuboidal; simple columnar; stratified squamous; stratifies cuboidal; stratified columnar; pseudostratified columnar; transitional

Question 22

List the types of connective tissue according to their matrix

Answer 22

bone
cartilage
blood
true connective tissue (ligaments tendons)

Question 23

Describe the following types of connective tissue with respect to their location and major function: fibrous (loose & dense); adipose; reticular/bone marrow; cartilage (hyaline, fibromyalgia, elastic); bone (compact & cancellous); blood

Question 24

List and describe the functions of skin

Question 25

Describe the skin with respect to the terms epidermis and dermis

Question 26

Describe the function of melanin

Question 27

Describe the important structural and functional generalizations that apply to epithelium as a principal tissue type

Question 28

Discuss glandular epithelium and compare endocrine and exocrine glands in terms of generalized function

Question 29

Explain how apocrine, holocrine, and merocrine glands differ in their method of secretion

Question 30

Discuss the major types of connective tissue fibres, cells, and matrix in terms of structure and function

Question 31

Compare bone and cartilage in terms of generalized function, cell types, organizational structure, and blood supply

Question 32

Discuss why blood is considered to be a tissue

Question 33

Discuss and give examples of the two major types of body membranes

Question 34

Explain how the skin functions in the homeostasis of body temperature

Question 35

Describe briefly the four methods of what loss that are mediated by skin

Question 36

Compare the three types of muscle tissue in terms of structure and function: visceral (smooth); skeletal (striated); cardiac

Question 37

List the five homeostatic functions of the skeletal system

Question 38

Distinguish between the terms axial and appendicular skeleton

Question 39

Describe the features of cancellous and compact bone and describe their locations in long bone

Question 40

List and describe the function of the three main types of cells found in bones

Question 41

Discuss bone growth and reabsorption to describe how a long bone grows in length (endochondral growth) and in width (appositional growth)

Question 42

Explain the role of bone metabolism and hormones in the regulation of blood calcium levels

Question 43

Identify the following structures on a diagram of a long bone and state the purpose of each: marrow cavity; endosteum; periosteum; site of red bone marrow; Sharpey’s fibres

Question 44

List the three main classes of joints

Question 45

Compare the basic structural differences between bone and cartilage