Test One Flashcards
(83 cards)
1
Q
What is Arianism?
A
- heretical belief system
- only God the Father is eternal
- God and the Son were not one, therefore not equal
- Jesus is subject to change and cannot comprehend God
2
Q
What did the apostle John’s death in 90 AD cause the early church to do?
A
Question their identity and what it meant to be a Christian
3
Q
What are the four major groups that were within the Jewish circles?
A
- Zealots
- Essenes
- Sadducees
- Pharisees
4
Q
What were the worship patterns of Judaism?
A
- scripture reading
- prayer
- collection
- exposition of the Word
5
Q
What worship patterns came about because of Christ?
A
- communion
- intercessory prayer
- hymn singing
- kiss of peace
- baptism
6
Q
When did Jerusalem fall and what caused it to do so?
A
- 66 AD
- Jews revolted against the Romans because of unfair treatment. The Romans then fought back
7
Q
Why was the seasoned general Vespasian sent out?
A
- To put down the Jewish revolt
- He attacked and conquered slowly, like a ninja
8
Q
How long did the war between the Jews and the Romans last?
A
-7 bloody years
9
Q
What year did the Temple fall and ultimately make it possible for the Christian church to separate from the Jewish church?
A
-70 AD
10
Q
What are some things that aided the expansion of Christianity?
A
- Fall of Jerusalem
- Pax Romana
- Roman roads
- universal language (Greek)
11
Q
What are some of the charges that the Romans had against Christians?
A
- Cannibalism
- Atheism
- Incest
12
Q
Name the Roman emperors who hated Christians.
A
- Nero
- Domitian
- Marcus
- Decius
- Valerian
- Diocletian
13
Q
What did Decius do to the early church?
A
- created an edict that people needed a gov’t certificate to worship
- banned meetings
- condemned clergy
14
Q
What did Diocletion do?
A
- destroyed churches
- burned Scriptures
- took away civil liberties
15
Q
Which emperor used Christians as scapegoats for all the problems in the Roman Empire?
A
- Nero
- > this caused the people to get upset about what the Christians were doing and diverted their attention from the gov’t
16
Q
Define “canon”
A
- Rod or ruler.
- books of the Bible were used as rules for people to live by
- first used by St. Athenasius (Simpson’s “man”) in 367 AD
17
Q
What were some of the difficulties of canonizing the New Testament?
A
- many writings, a lot of which heretical
- apostles were gone and could not give guidance on the matter
- the writings were gathered and compiled in many different churches
18
Q
What are some gospels that did not make it into the Canon?
A
- Gospel of Thomas
- Gospel of Peter
- Shepherd of Hermas
19
Q
What did Marcion believe (cerca 140 AD)?
A
- God of OT and NT were two different gods
- > OT God was evil
- > NT God is god of spirit
20
Q
What caused the church to ultimately Canonize the New Testament?
A
- Heresies (such as that of Marcion) and the urgent need to combat against them
- the process took 200 years
- Canon finally established in 367 AD
21
Q
James the brother of Jesus…
A
had more power and influence on the early church than that of Peter, “the Rock”
22
Q
What purpose did the episcopacy serve?
A
- to defend against heresy
- to have leaders because many of them were being martyred
23
Q
What did the early hierarchy look like in the church?
A
- Bishops
- Deacons
- Presiding officers
- elders
24
Q
What did the early church hierarchy do for the church?
A
- lead worship
- help the poor
- shut down heretical ideas and teachers
25
What is episcopacy?
the church hierarchy
26
In 185 what did Irenaeus argue?
That the bishops handed down traditions perfectly
27
What is a creed?
short statement of belief that sums up Christian teaching and gives a starting point for inquiring minds
28
Name the two types of creeds
- Conciliar creeds
- > formed by councils and are the great creeds of the church
- Baptismal creeds
- >organized teachings of the apostles in order to preserve the message of Christ
29
What three options did Christians have when persecuted?
1. Give in
2. Martyred
3. Lie
30
Name some of the martyrs
- Ignatus (117)
- Polycarp (115)
- Perpetua and Felicitous (202)
31
What are some details about Ignatus' death?
- bishop of Antioch
- slowly transported to Rome
- spoke to many people on the way there
- had a strong desire for a bloody death, in particular wanted to be mauled by wild animals
32
What are some details about Polycarp's death?
- was an 86 year old man
- arrested and charged for being a Christian
- Roman Council took pity on him and tried to get him off the hook
- went to the stake singing
- wouldn't proclaim Caesar as lord
33
What are some details about Perpetua's death?
- was a noble woman
- seized along with her slave Felicitous during baptismal classes
- was attacked by many animals
- was ultimately killed by the sword because the animals weren't killing them well enough
34
Who developed penance?
Cypran of Carthage
| ->he believed that the confessing church could forgive people
35
Name two schools of thought about what types of people were in the church
Novation
- believed the church was made up of saints
- those who had denied Christ could NOT be reinstated
Corneilius
- believed the church was made up of sinners
- with the appropriate penance people could be reinstated to the church that had gone astray
36
What is important about the battle on the Milvian Bridge?
- Constantine has a vision of the labarium from the Lord and becomes a Christian
- goes on to legalize Christianity (Edict of Milan)
37
What were the seven ecumenical councils?
- Nicea (325)
- Constantinople (381)
- Ephesus (431)
- Chalcedone (451)
- Constantinople (553) (x2)
- Nicea
38
What happened in the first Council of Nicea?
- Nicine Creed established
- Arianism would be argued against by Simpson's man Athanasius
- Nicolus of Myrna was present (aka SANTA CLAUS!!!)
39
What happened in the first Council of Constantinople?
- Established God the Trinity
| - Debated Jesus' humanity and divinity combined
40
What happened in the Council of Ephesus?
- debate on whether we could choose to be evil or good or if we were bound because of Adam's sin
- concluded that people are bound by sin because of Adam
41
What happened in the Council of Chalcedon?
- 560 bishops were in attendance
- dealt with the humanity of Jesus
- concluded that Jesus was a person with two natures
42
What does the term "sees" mean?
Catholic term for church power
43
What caused the fall of Rome in 410?
- the Goths ransacked Rome
| - Romans were extremely soft
44
Who was St. Augustine?
- most influential of the church fathers
- formulated new theology that would allow Christianity to be the social glue of the Roman state
- believed that the proper goal of human striving is God and a society in fellowship with Him
45
Who was Muhammad?
- founder of Islam
| - born in a high class family in Mecca
46
What was Muhammad's first vision?
- happened in the cave of Harra in 610
- angel dictated text to him
- Muhammad to memorize and preach the text that he was given
47
What is the Qur'an?
- uncreated, literal, and eternal word of God
- states that Judaism and Christianity had become corrupted
- emphasis of deeds over ideas
- doctrine of abrogation
- >if there are conflicting concepts, the things that are further along in the text are what is true
48
Who is Allah?
- God of the Muslim faith
| - unable to be known at all
49
What is the greatest sin according to the Muslim faith?
Shirk -> assigning partners to God (only sin that can not be made up for with good deeds)
50
What are the Five Pillars of Islam?
- Confession
- Prayer (only pillar based on theology)
- Fasting
- Giving Alms
- Pilgrimage
51
What happened during the Dark Ages?
- great theological strides were taken
- Barbarians burned the libraries full of ancient writings
- >we only have some of the writings because of the reservation of them by the monks
52
Who were the Ascetics?
- Monks
- left the church and lived in the desert because they felt that Christianity being legalized stifled the church
- had no money
- traded things such as baskets for food
- battled demons in the desert (literally)
- were respected by the people
- lived alone
- St. Anthony is the first of the recorded fathers in the desert
53
Who were the Cenobitic monks?
- formed communities
| - stayed separate from the world and women
54
Who was Pachomius?
- responsible for the development of monks as we know them today
- started out as an Ascetic monk
- convicted by the Holy Spirit to serve mankind
- built 10 monasteries
55
What did the daily activity of monks look like?
- constant prayer
- devotions
- work
- lived in poverty
56
Who was St. Benedict?
- Christian in Rome
- saw Christians as corrupt and became a monk
- established 12 monasteries, the first of which still exists
57
How did the monks contribute to society?
- copied manuscripts
- monasteries were centers for learning
- spiritual renewal during the Dark Ages
- mission-mindedness
58
Name some missionary monks and the places they went.
- Gregory I -> England
- Patrick -> Ireland
- Columbia -> Scotland
- Boniface -> Germany
59
What caused feudalism to develop?
frequent invasions by vikings
60
Name the levels of hierarchy in the feudal system.
- Kings and Queens
- Nobility (lords and knights)
- Clergy
- Serfs/Freemen
61
What are fiefs?
Land divided by lords given to vassals in order for the areas to be protected against invasion
62
Define the role of a knight
- mounted warrior
- was given land for services to the lords
- required to remain faithful to the lords that gave them the land
63
What was the manorial system?
economic system that went with feudalism
64
What was a manor?
An estate that was self sufficient that included farm land, a church, and a village-like set up
65
Define the role of the serfs.
- couldn't leave manor
- essentially slaves to the master
- were not allowed to marry without permission either
- worked the land for long hours
- required to pay taxes in order to do their work and a 10% tithe
- lived in crowded cottages
66
Who were able to be freemen?
- skilled workers
- paid rent to nobles to live in the manors
- could leave when they so pleased
- held professions like blacksmith or miller
67
What were the crusades?
A series of wars fought over Jerusalem by the Christians and the Muslims in order to protect Byzantine
68
Why were so many people willing to be crusaders?
it was a way out of serf-dom
69
What happened in the first Crusade? (1009-1144) (People's Crusade)
-crusaders take Jerusalem from the Egyptians
70
How many crusades were there?
Nine (including the Children's Crusade)
71
What was the Children's Crusade (1212)?
- children were charged to go fight because they would be seen as innocent
- none survived
72
What happened during the Fourth Crusade (1198-1204)?
- Christians sacked Constantinople (a Christian city)
| - made it easier for the Muslims to take the city
73
What were the effects of the Crusades?
- weakened of the pope and nobles
- weakened the Byzantine Empire
- strengthened monarchies
- stimulated trade
- left a bitter taste in the Jews and Muslims' mouth
74
What was the Great Schism?
- a divide between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches
- mutual excommunications by both the patriarch and the pope in 1054
- could not see eye to eye on the little things even though they both fundamentally believed the same things
75
What is preeminence?
- The Roman idea that "I am the boss of the world" or "what I say goes" (and that's for the whole world)
- what the pope believes
76
What is scholasticism?
an attempt to rationalize theology through academics and philosophy rather than from a Biblical standpoint
77
What happened as a result of scholasticism?
- universities established
- commentaries replaced the study of the Word
- systematic theology was split from Biblical study
- Cathedral schools were established
78
What is mysticism?
- the response to scholasticism
- urged people to have direct contact with God in the act of worship instead of just participating
- many of the mystics were scholastics who believed that scholasticism went too far
79
What did the Roman Catholics do differently from the Eastern Orthodox?
- services held in Latin
- Pope has authority over all
- priests cannot marry
80
What did the Eastern Orthodox do differently from the Roman Catholics?
- services held in Greek or local languages
- Patriarch has authority
- priests can marry
81
When did excommunications get lifted?
- 1965
- simultaneous ceremony done by Pope John Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras
- didn't unify the church
82
What were the three types of discipleship in the Dark Ages?
- Martyr-dom
- Monasticism
- Communal Monasticism
83
What were the similarities between the Roman Catholics and the Eastern Orthodox churches?
- based faith in Jesus
- use sacraments
- seek to convert people
- religious leaders (other than the Pope/Patriarch) are the same
