test one Flashcards
(25 cards)
emphasizes the strengths of youth positive qualities and developmental trajectories that are desired for youth
positive youth development
The “Five Cs” of PYD
Competence Confidence Connection Character Caring/compassion
Settings in which development occurs; they are influenced by historical, economic, social, and cultural factors
contexts
Some experts argue that adolescence is typically thought of in a
eurocentric way
The way adolescence is presented in this text is based largely on writing and research of scholars in the
Western world, especially Europe and North America
Around the world, adolescents’ experiences may differ depending on their
gender, race, families, schools, peers, and religion
Physical changes in an individual’s body
biological processes
Changes in an individual’s thinking and intelligence
cognitive processes
: Changes in an individual’s emotions, personality, relationships with others, and social contexts
socioemotional processes
This transition involves a number of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional changes including puberty, increases in abstract, idealistic, and logical thinking, and a quest for independence
Childhood to adolescence
The transition from childhood to adolescence begins with the onset of pubertal maturation, whereas the transition from adolescence to adulthood is determined by cultural standards and experiences
Adolescence to adulthood
Five key features characterize emerging adulthood:
identity exploration; instability; self-focused; feeling in-between; and the age of possibilities, a time when individuals have an opportunity to transform their lives
In developing countries, _________ is often a more significant marker for entry into adulthood than in the United States, and it usually occurs much earlier than in the United States
marriage
Three types of assets that seem to be cross-culturally important in making a competent transition through adolescence and emerging adulthood:
Intellectual
Psychological/emotional
Social
When faced with adverse events, is our growth impacted by our ability to overcome the odds?
risk and resiliency
Our we shaped by our environment, or our genetics?
nature and nuture
Is our growth the consequence of a series of stages, or natural, continuous growth?
continuity and discontinuity
Is our entire life is shaped by our early experiences?
early and later experience
We develop in psychosocial stages rather than in psychosexual stages
The primary motivation for human behavior is social and reflects a desire to affiliate with other people, rather than sexual
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Whereas psychoanalytic theories stress the importance of the unconscious, cognitive theories emphasize conscious thoughts
Contributors: Piaget and Vygotsky
Cognitive Theories
Individuals actively construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development
To make sense of our world:
Adolescents organize their experiences
Adolescents adapt, adjusting to new environmental demands
Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory
portrayed development as inseparable from social and cultural activities
gave social interaction and culture far more important roles in cognitive development than Piaget
emphasized that individuals actively construct their knowledge
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Cognitive Theory
essentially holds that we can study scientifically only what we can directly observe and measure
behaviorism
contributors of behaviorism
Skinner and Bandura
