test one review

Question 1

linnaean classification system

Answer 1

Domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

Question 2

element

Answer 2

each of more than one hundred substances that cannot be chemically interconverted or broken down into simpler substances and are primary constituents of matter. Each element is distinguished by its atomic number, i.e., the number of protons in the nuclei of its atoms.

Question 3

dependent group

Answer 3

MEASURED effect
the effect of temperature on hatching success
the hatching success is dependent variable

Question 4

independent group

Answer 4

manituplated cause
the effect of temperature on hatching success
the temperature is the independent group!

Question 5

cell theory

Answer 5

all organisms are made of cells and all cells come from preexisting cells

Pasteur’s classic experiment

Question 6

Pasteur’s classic experiment

Answer 6

cells don’t arise by spontaneous generation.

Every living thing has “parents”

Question 7

Evolution

Answer 7

is a change in time in a population indivuals dont cahnge

Question 8

Natural Selection -

Answer 8

populations change b/c better adapted (fitter) individuals  more offspring.
Think “Reproduction of the fittest” rather than just survival of the fittest.

Question 9

Vestigial traits

Answer 9

uneeded things
widsom teeth in humans
legs in snakes and whales

Question 10

Charles Darwin 1859

Answer 10

Proposed natural selection
as the mechanism of
adaptive evolution.

Question 11

electron shells

Answer 11

1st shell holds 2 e-
2nd shell holds 8 e-
3rd shell holds 8/18 e-

Question 12

in a double bond

Answer 12

4 electrons total

2 from each

Question 13

in a tripple bond

Answer 13

6 total

3 from each

Question 14

ionic bonds

Answer 14

atoms exchange electrons and become charged

giving the atoms a full charge

Question 15

cation

Answer 15

atoms loses a election and becomes postive

Question 16

anion

Answer 16

atom gains an electrons and becomes negative

Question 17

covalent bonds

Answer 17

share pair of electrons

can be polar or nonpolar

Question 18

nonpolar

Answer 18

atoms are shared equally

no charge given to these atoms

Question 19

polar

Answer 19

aromsa are not shared equally and go towards the nucli with the most electronnegativity
giving the atom partial charge

Question 20

o>n>c~=h

Answer 20

oxyen is the most electronneg of all elements

determined by the number of protons and the distance of the valence shell and the nucleus

Question 21

if the electron is not sharred equally it will result in

Answer 21

one element have a partial postive or neg charge
like in water the O gains an electron so geta a partial neg charge and the H are lossing an electron so it gains a partial pos charge

Question 22

van der waals interactions

Answer 22

hydrogen bonds are the strongest type

these do not make molecules they are only interactions between molecules or portions of molecules

Question 23

hydrogen bbonds

Answer 23

opposites attract
when two water molecules approach each other the partial positive charge on hydrogen attracts each other the partial positive charge on hydrogen attracts the partial neg charge on the oxygen
water is polar

Question 24

hydrophillic

Answer 24

water loving h

hydrogen bonding makes it possible for almost any charged or polar molecule to dissolve in water

Question 25

hydrophobic

Answer 25

water fearing interactions with water are minimal or nonexistent they are forced to interact with each other the hydrogen bonds will bond toether around the nonpolar hydrophobic molecules

Question 26

cohesion

Answer 26

attraction between like molecules ex water meaning it stays together because of the hydrogen bonds between the molecules also makes surface tenstion

Question 27

adhesion

Answer 27

attraction between unlike molecules interactions between a liquid and a soild surface water ahderes to surfaces that have polar or charged components

Question 28

surface tenstion

Answer 28

when the water molecules are at the top/surface there are no water molecules above for hydrogen bonding as result the exhibit stronger attractive forces between their nearest neighboring molecules this interaction between the surface water molceules results in tension that minimizes the total surface area water resitst any force that increases its surace area this is why its better to dive in the pool rather than belly flop

Question 29

ice floats` h-b bonds are stable in water h-b are always braking and reforming

Answer 29

each water molecule participates in four hydrogen bonds these bonds form a repeating structure or crystal and the spce between the hydrogen bonds is more open then in a tight packed bond in the liquid form meaning there is more space between molecules so when frozen ice is less dense than water when heat is applyed the crystal bonds atart to break and the hydrogen bonds become closer making them more dense in the liquid form

Question 30

specific heat

Answer 30

water has high specific heat beacuse when a source of energy hits it hydrogen bonds must be broken before heat can be transferred and the water molecules start moving faster

Question 31

compounds are

Answer 31

molecules with more 1 atom type | ex h2o

Question 32

bonding creates

Answer 32

new properties

Question 33

oxygen needs

Answer 33

2

Question 34

carbon needs

Answer 34

4

Question 35

hydrogen needs

Answer 35

1

Question 36

nitrogen needs

Answer 36

3

Question 37

polar things stick to

Answer 37

other polar things | ex rainex is nonpolar so water runs right off

Question 38

surface tension=

Answer 38

hydrogen bonds

Question 39

salt= water= together =

Answer 39

solute solvent solution

Question 40

oil and water

Answer 40

oil is nonpolar so it cant disslove | water is polar

Question 41

dissociation of water caused by chemical reactions

Answer 41

O tends to steal H ions from other O and they do back and forth creathing hydronium ion and hydroxide ion

Question 42

hydronium ion

Answer 42

h30+pos

Question 43

hydroxide ion

Answer 43

oh- neg

Question 44

sweating

Answer 44

the water molecule absorb a get deal of engery before they evaporate so you loose heat

Question 45

water is not completely stable because

Answer 45

the h-b are always breaking and reforming

Question 46

substances that give up a proton/ hydrogen ion during chemical reacations and raise the hydronium ions (cation h30)concentration of water

Answer 46

acids

Question 47

molecules or ions that acquire protons during chemical reactions lowering the hydronium ion concentractionof water

Answer 47

bases

Question 48

a chemical reaction that involes a transer of protons is called

Answer 48

a acid-base reaction | every acid base reaction must have a proton donor and acceptor and acid & base

Question 49

hydroxide ion oh- is an

Answer 49

anion held together by covalent bond and has a neg charge and functions as a base

Question 50

dissociation

Answer 50

the process inwhich ionic compunds spearate or split into smaller particles ot ions

Question 51

acids

Answer 51

give up protons and raise the hydronium ion concentration h3o+ lower ph of a solution by adding h+ to it

Question 52

bases

Answer 52

acquire protons and lower the hydronium ion takes the 3rd h ion raise ph of a soultion by either removing h+ or adding oh-

Question 53

mass

Answer 53

can not be created or destroyed but may be rearranged through chemical reacations

Question 54

endothermic

Answer 54

within heating heat is absorbed during the process | liquid->gas

Question 55

exothermic

Answer 55

outside heating releases heat | gas--> liquid

Question 56

acidic solution

Answer 56

low ph < 7 low oh- hydroxie ion high h+ hydrogen ion

Question 57

base solution

Answer 57

high ph >7 high ou- hydroxie ion low h+ hydrogen

Question 58

h+ proton binds with water to make

Answer 58

hydronium ions h3o+

Question 59

buffer

Answer 59

are an acid base team that resists change in ph

Question 60

carbon can form

Answer 60

4 covalent bonds | this results in an almost limitless array of cominations by double single and tripple bonds

Question 61

carbon atoms

Answer 61

form the sturctural framework for most of the important compunds in life minus water gives molecules its over all shape

Question 62

molecules contain carbon bonded to other elements such as hydrogen are called

Answer 62

organic molecules

Question 63

functional groups 6

Answer 63

include h-,n-,o-,p-,s-

Question 64

funcational groups that has oh is called

Answer 64

hydroxly group found in alcohols highly polar so makes compunds more soluble through h-b with water may also act as a weak acis and drop a proton

Question 65

isomers

Answer 65

can have the same molecular formula but have different strurutal formula struture=funcation

Question 66

carbonyl group

Answer 66

found in straight sugars fatty acids on aldehyde and ketone molecules the place the carbon double bond to oxygen detrimines if its a aldehyde or ketone if placed in the middle its ketone placed at the end/start its aldehyde the site of joining to make biger molecules(aldehydes)

Question 67

carboxyl group

Answer 67

acts as a acid tends to lose a proton carbon double bonded to oxygen and same carbon linked to oh found in fatty acids and amino acids polar

Question 68

amino group

Answer 68

found in amino acids nucleotides acts as a base to attract a proton nitrogen boned to 2 diff h polar

Question 69

sulfhydryl group

Answer 69

when present in proteins can form disulfide s-s that contribute to protein structure add an sh to the carbon

Question 70

phospahate group

Answer 70

molecules with more than one phosphate linked together store large amounts of engery found in nucleic acids and atp one phospahatre ion surrounded by 2o- and 2o+