TEST PREP Flashcards
(137 cards)
1
Q
Which nerves control the muscles of the eyes?
A
III, IV, VI
2
Q
What are the 3 layers of the eye?
A
Sclera, Cornea (continuous) - Outer layer
Choroid, ciliary body, iris - Middle layer
Retina - Inner layer
3
Q
What are the 3 chambers of the eye?
A
Anterior - aqueous humor
Posterior - between iris and lens - aqueous humor
Vitreous - lens to back of retina
4
Q
What is the white of the eye?
A
Sclera
5
Q
What makes the eyelid have a rigid structure?
A
The Tarsal plate
6
Q
Dacrocysitis - S/S
A
infection of lacrimal sac.
Pain, swelling, tenderness, possibly pus, redness
7
Q
People at risk for dacrocystitis
A
Infants
Over the age of 40
8
Q
Dacrocystitis treatment
A
systemic antibiotics, elective surgery, relief of obstruction
9
Q
Glaucoma - acute closed angle S/S
A
Pain! Blurred vision, Halos
Dilated pupil, not reactive to light
Hard eye on palpation (increased IOP)
10
Q
Glaucoma - chronic open angle S/S
A
asymptomatic.
Found in routine exam
11
Q
Glaucoma - acute closed angle Tx
A
Reduce IOP
Pilocarpine
Surgery/Laser iridotomy/ectomy
12
Q
Glaucoma - chronic open angle Tx
A
Prostaglandin analogues
B blockers
A2 agonists
13
Q
Glaucoma differential
A
Conjunctivitis, acute uveitis, corneal disorders
14
Q
What is the leading cause of blindness worldwide?
A
Cataracts
15
Q
Cataract S/S
A
progressive blurring, glare, nearsightedness, double vision (monocular). Diminished red reflex
16
Q
Cataract treatment
A
Surgery/laser
17
Q
Cataract risk factors
A
Age over 60, smokers
18
Q
Conjunctivitis etiology
A
bacteria, viral, allergic (seasonal)
19
Q
Bacterial Conjunctivitis S/S
A
Direct contact, mucopurulent discharge.
20
Q
Viral Conjunctivitis S/S
A
Watery discharge, unilateral to bilateral, periauricular adenopathy,
21
Q
Allergic Conjunctivitis S/S
A
pruritic, bilateral, seasonal
22
Q
Bacterial Conjunctivitis Tx
A
Antibiotic drops (sulfonamides)
23
Q
Viral Conjunctivitis Tx
A
cold compress, artificial tears, vasoconstrictor drops
24
Q
Allergic Conjunctivitis Tx
A
Antihistamines
25
What are two great places to contract conjunctivitis?
Swimming pools, eye doctor
26
What nerve does herpes simplex keratitis involve?
Trigeminal nerve
27
Herpes simplex keratitis S/S
dendritic/geographic ulcers of corneal area, red eye, pain, photophobia, tearing, reduced vision
28
Herpes simplex keratitis Tx
debridement, patching, topical antiviral, severe - corticosteroids
29
Risk of Retinopathy of Prematurity
Low birth weight, Low gestational age.
30
Xanthelasma. What is it?
Lipid deposits bilaterally around the orbits of the eye. Associated with hypercholesterolemia.
31
Xanthelasma Tx
removal
32
Who gets Arcus Senilis?
Old people. Normal.
| Young people. Hyperlipoproteinaemia.
33
Arcus Senilis S/S
Deposit of lipids in a ring around the cornea.
34
Does Arcus Senilis affect vision?
no
35
Episcleritis S/S
Involvement of the sub layer of the conjunctiva. Red eye. inflammation, pain.
36
Scleritis S/S
Inflammation of Sclera, pain, redness
37
Episcleritis Tx
Self limiting, topical antiinflammatory
38
Scleritis Tx
High dose systemic steroids
39
Uveitis causes
Immunologic, infection. Results in intraocular inflammation.
40
Uveitis S/S
HYPOPYON, unilateral pain, redness, photophobia, visual loss,
41
Uveitis differential
retinal detachment, intraocular tumor, cns lymphoma
42
Uveitis Tx
Anterior: topical corticosteroids
Posterior: Systemic, periocular, intravitreal corticosteroids
43
Papilledema causes
Swelling of the optic nerve due to IOP.
44
Papilledema S/s
Episodes of vision loss, headache, N/V, bilateral.
45
Papilledema Tx
Weight loss, acetazolamide,
46
Papilledema Risk
People over weight
47
Dry eye syndrome causes
Hypofunction of lacrimal glands
48
Dry eye syndrome S/S
Dryness, redness, foreign body sensation, photophobia, difficulty moving eyelids
49
Dry eye syndrome Tx
Artificial tears
50
Dry eye syndrome risks
Old ladies
51
What is myopia?
difficulty seeing far away (near sighted)
52
What is hyperopia?
difficulty seeing close (farsighted)
53
What is presbyopia?
Age related vision loss, lens looses contractility, difficulty seeing near objects.
54
What is astigmatism?
Corneal refractive errors in the horizontal and vertical axes.
55
What is the cause of subconjunctival hemorrhage?
Trauma
56
Subconjunctival Hemorrhage S/S
blood in eye, minimal discomfort, deep red accumulation of blood under conjunctiva
57
Subconjunctival Hemorrhage Tx
cold compress, artificial tears for 1-2 weeks
58
What is hyphema?
Blood in the anterior chamber of the eye. Pain, blurry vision, red eye.
59
What is the treatment of hyphema?
immediate referal
60
Anterior Blepharitis involvement
inflammation of skin, eyelashes, glands... ulcerative, seborrheic.
61
Posterior Blepharitis involvement
Meibomian gland, staph infection, gland dysfunction (acne rosacea)
62
Anterior Blepharitis S/S
irritation, itching, burning, red rimmed, scales/granulations on lashes
63
Posterior Blepharitis S/S
lids are hyperemic/telangiectasia, inflamed and dilated glands, abnormal secretions, mild entropion, frothy/greasy tears.
64
Blepharitis Tx
Ant - clean the lid, brows, scalp. Anti staph ointment
| Post - Meibomian gland expression.
65
What is Horner's syndrome?
Loss of sympathetic function to an eye, due to disease (tumor... neck, chest).
66
What are the S/S of Horner's?
Constricted pupil on one side (unable to dilate)
67
Strabismus S/S
deviation of one eye. deviation of visual axis
68
Strabismus causes
Accommodation for refractive error, idiopathic, retinoblastoma, optic nerve conditions.
69
Strabismus Tx
Treat underlying condition
70
Amblyopia S/S
visual disturbances with no gross pathology
71
Amblyopia causes
Lazy eye. Strabismus, physical occlusion, refractive errors
72
Amblyopia Tx
treat underlying condition
73
Retinal Detachment cause
Fluid separates retina from underlying layer
74
Retinal Detachment S/S
Flashes, Floater, decreased visual acuity, PVD, vitreous hemorrhage
75
Retinal Detachment Tx
Refer it, fool! surgery
76
What is the leading cause of blindness in the US?
Diabetic Retinopathy
77
Diabetic Retinopathy S/S
micro aneurisms, retinal hemorrhage, hard exudates, macular ischemia, neovascularization, macular edema.
78
Diabetic Retinopathy Tx
intravitreal injections, grid lasers
79
Diabetic Retinopathy Risks
DM, HTN, smoking, Hyperlipidemia
80
When should a Type 1 diabetic get an eye exam?
3-5 years after initial diagnosis. Yearly after that.
81
When should a Type 2 diabetic get an eye exam?
At diagnosis. Yearly after that.
82
Ischemic Optic Neuropathy cause
Anterior optic nerve become ischemic due to degenerative disease of arterioles.
83
Ischemic Optic Neuropathy S/S
Sudden loss of vision (often upon waking),
| Giant cell arteritis - pain or scalp tenderness
84
What is the most common cause of legal blindness?
Macular degeneration
85
What is the cause of macular degeneration?
unknown
86
What are the signs and symptoms of Dry macular degeneration?
Atrophy of the renal pigment epithelium.
87
What are the S/S of Wet macular degeneration?
Exudative, blood blister-like in the eye. Blurred vision, metamorphopsia.
88
What is the Tx of macular degeneration?
Intravitreal injections!!!!
| Cold laser, surgery
89
Who are at most risk for developing macular degeneration?
Old, White, Female, Smokers, Genetics
90
What is the cause of corneal abrasions?
trauma
91
What are the S/S of corneal abrasions?
Pain, watery, red eye, epithelia defect (seen on fluouridian stain)
92
Corneal abrasion Tx
Artificial Tears, antibiotics, bandage if big!
93
Orbital Wall Fracture cause
trauma
94
Orbital wall fracture S/S
pain with eye movement, Double vision, Eyelid swelling, Facial numbness, Enophthalmos
95
Orbital wall fracture Tx
surgery, refer
96
Orbital cellulitis cause
bacterial infection of periocular tissue
97
Orbital cellulitis S/S
Unilateral, pain, fever, swelling of lids and periorbital tissue, tenderness.
98
Orbital cellulitis Tx
oral, IV antibiotics
| Sino-orbital imaging to assess extent
99
Who's at highest risk for orbital cellulitis?
Children
100
What is endophlamitis?
Intraocular infection, possibly following surgery.
101
What are the S/S of endophlamitis?
pain, conjunctiva inflammation, reduced vision, hypopyon.
102
Endophlamitis Tx
Refer! vision threatening
103
Retinitis pigmentosa cause
Progressive visual loss from photoreceptor death. Starts with rods and eventually involves cones.
104
Retinitis pigmentosa S/S
night blindness, photophobia, peripheral field loss, bilateral pigment clumping, waxy palor of optic nerve.
105
Retinitis pigmentosa Tx
No fix
106
Who is at risk of Retinitis pigmentosa?
Runs in the family
107
What causes optic neuritis?
Demyelinization of the optic nerve.
108
What are the S/S of Optic Neuritis?
Unilateral vision loss, Pain with eye movement, Transient neurological disturbance (N/V), visual field deficit.
109
Optic Neuritis Tx
Sulomedrol, prednisone, GI prophylaxis
110
Who is at risk for developing Optic Neuritis?
People with MS, ages 15-45
111
Retinoblastoma cause
Tumor
112
Retinoblastoma S/S
White pupil, exo/esotropia, proptosis, inflammation.
113
Retinoblastoma Tx
Enucliation (eye removal), chemo, cryo
114
Who is at risk for retinoblastoma?
Children. Most common primary ocular malignancy.
115
What is a hordeolum?
Stye. inflammation of accessory glands or lash follicles.
116
What is a chalazion?
inflammation of the meibomian gland. deeper.
117
What is a pinguecula?
Hyperplasia of the epithelial layer of the conjunctiva. Does NOT cross the cornea.
118
What is a pterigium?
Hyperplasia of the fibrovascular layer of the conjunctiva. DOES cross the cornea.
119
Entropion
Inward turning of the eyelid. Lashes scratch the eye ball
120
Ectropion
Outward turning of the eyelid.
121
Exotropia
Lateral deviation of eye (strabismus)
122
Esotropia
Medial deviation of eye (strabismus)
123
Hypertropia
Upward deviation of eye (strabismus)
124
Preseptal cellulitis
Cellulitis of the anterior, outer eyelid
125
Postseptal cellulitis
Cellulitis of the contents of the orbit
126
Age Related Macular Degeneration vision loss
blurry vision, grid/straight line distortions, spot of partially diminished vision.
127
Cataract vision loss
progressive blurring of vision, glare, nearsightedness, double vision (monocular)
128
Glaucoma vision loss
blurred vision, halos
129
Aniscoria
difference in pupil size > 1 mm
| Idiopathic, CNIII palsy, Horner's Syndrome, Argyll Robertson pupil (accommodate but do not react)
130
Relative Afferent Pupil Defect
Swinging light effect. One pupil doesn't constrict as much as the other.
131
What to refer?
Corneal ulcer, Retinal detachment, Iritis, Glaucoma, Retinal artery occlusion, Chemical burn, Hyphema, Hypopyon, Endophthalmitis, Herpes Simplex Keratitis, Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus.
132
Cataracts Risk factors
Age over 60, SMOKERS, diabetics, chronic corticosteroid use
133
Macular Degeneration risk factors
Old, white, female, smokers, genetics
134
Open-angle Glaucoma
Over 40, Black, hispanic
135
Angle closure glaucoma
Old age, asians, farsightedness, inherited
136
Siedel's sign
Fluouroscopy shows a puncture of the eye and fluid flowing out.
137
What's worse in the eye, acid or base?
Base!
