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A&P 2 > Test Prep 2 > Flashcards

Test Prep 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Smooth Muscle?

A
  • Non striated
  • Involuntary
  • Found in walls of hollow internal structures, such as blood vessels, airways, and most hollow organs
  • Function include peristalsis, blood pressure, pupil size, erect hairs
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2
Q

Skeletal Muscle?

A
  • Striated, multi nucleated, fibers run parallel
  • Voluntary
  • Found along skeleton
  • Functions include movement, heat generation, posture
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3
Q

Cardiac Muscle?

A
  • Striated, one central nucleus
  • Involuntary
  • Found in the heart
  • Pumps blood
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4
Q

General Functions of Muscle Tissue?

A
  • Body movements
  • Stabilizing body position- posture
  • storing and moving substances within the body
  • Generating Heat
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5
Q

Properties of Muscle Tissue?

A
  • Excitable
  • Contractibility
  • Extensibility
  • Elastisity
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6
Q

Plasma membrane of Muscle?

A

Sarcolemma

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7
Q

Within the Sarcolemma there is..

A

Sarcoplasm (fluid). Sarcoplasm contains myoglobin (red pigmented protein)

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8
Q

Layers of covering of a muscle?

A

From deep to superficial:

myofilaments: actin and myosin, make up the myofibril-inside sarcoplasm
sarcoplasm is inside the sarcolemma, covered by the endomysium. Makes up a fasicle, covered in the perimysium
muscles are covered by the epimysium

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9
Q

What is a compartment?

A

A functional group of skeletal muscles that work together and are wrapped together by a container
In limbs, a group of skeletal muscles, associated blood vessels, associated nerves all of which have a common function

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10
Q

Fascia Lata?

A

Thickening of epimysium to envelope the quads and hamstrings

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11
Q

Aponeurosis?

A

Thick fascia

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12
Q

What does Sarcoplasmic Reticulum do?

A

Adjacent to t-Tubules, stores calcium

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13
Q

Actin?

A

The thin filament. Has a myosin binding site

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14
Q

Titin?

A

Structural protein that connects Z disc to M line of sarcomere. Lets muscle return to original shape

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15
Q

What is the A Band?

A

Part of the sarcomere with the myosin

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16
Q

I Band?

A

Part of sarcomere without myosin, changeable in length

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17
Q

H Zone

A

Only myosin, no actin

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18
Q

What does “iso” mean?

A

Same

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19
Q

Isotonic muscle contraction?

A

The tension in the muscle remains constant while the muscle changes its length. Used for body movements and for moving objects. Two types of Isotonic contractions, eccentric and concentric

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20
Q

2 types of Isotonic Contraction?

A

Eccentric and Concentric

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21
Q

Concentric Contraction?

A

tension generated is great enough to overcome the resistance of the object to be moved, and the muscle shortens and pulls on another structure, such as a tendon, to produce movement and reduce the angle at a joint. Example is picking up a book- concentrated isotonic contraction of the biceps brachii

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22
Q

Eccentric Contraction?

A

Think the lowering part of a squat. The muscle lengthens in a controlled manner while it continues to contract. Lowering the book is a eccentric isotonic contraction

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23
Q

Isometric Contraction?

A

The tension generated is not enough to exceed the resistance of the object to be moved, and the muscle stays the same. No change in length, no movement.
Example is holding a book out. Energy is still being used, but no change in length or movement

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24
Q

What does hydrolyze mean?

A

ATP had water added to it

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25
What is a motor unit comprised of?
The motor unit is comprised of the lower motor neuron plus all the muscle cells that it innervates.
26
Sequence of structures that AP follows?
Starts at Neuromuscular junction follows axon to motor end plate -acetylcholine is released -sodium moves through ligand channels -potassium is moved through voltage gated channels -leak channels move both sodium and potassium -threshold of -55 reached -muscle AP follows through T tubules -T tubules open voltage gated calcium channels -Calcium binds to troponin on the thin actin filament -Exposes myosin binding sites -if myosin heads are ready, they attach, pull actin filaments toward m line -ATP needed to release myosin heads -ATP needed to open the calcium active transport pumps- restore calcium levels in sarcoplasm -tropomyosin slides back, muscle relaxes
27
What is motor unit recruitment?
the process in which the number of active motor units increases is called motor unit recruitment. Responsible for smooth movements instead of jerks. Uses motor units to increase tension in a muscle.
28
Autorhythmic Muscle Fibers?
Myocardial muscle cells- form the conduction system of the heart
29
2 places ATP is used?
- bring calcium back into Sarcoplasmic reticulum | - Bring myosin off tropomyosin heads
30
How are skeletal muscles classified?
By structure and function
31
Skeletal Muscles by Structure?
by Structure: Red- dark meat, have high myoglobin content, more mitochondia, more energy stores (glycogen) and more blood supply White- Have less myoglobin, less mitochondria and less blood supply
32
Skeletal Muscle by Function?
Slow Oxidative Fibers: small, red fibers, least powerful, very fatigue resistant, used for endurance- like postural muscles Fast Oxidative- glycolic Fibers: are intermediate in size, appear dark red, are moderately resistant to fatigue. Used for walking Fast-glycolic fibers: are large, white and powerful. Suited to intense anaerobic activity for short duration
33
What is hyperplasia?
too much change in the number of cells. Its an extra number of cells
34
Hypoplasia?
A decrease or loss of number of cells
35
aplasia?
No cells. For example, in diabetes, no cells to produce insulin
36
hypertrophic?
Same number of cells, but cells are bigger
37
Hypotrophic?
each cell has shrunk. same number, but smaller
38
atrophy?
Shrinking to a size of no longer functioning
39
Explain Rigor Mortis?
At death, cellular membranes become leaky. Calcium ions leak out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm and allow myosin heads to attach to actin. ATP synthesis stops after you die, so the muscles are stuck in a state of rigidity. begins 3-4 hours and lasts about 24 hours, disappears as proteolytic enzymes from lysosomes digest the cross bridges
40
What is a EMG?
Electromyography- measures muscle response or electrical activity in response to a nervous stimulation of the muscle
41
muscle origin?
The attachment of a muscles tendon to the stationary bone is the origin
42
Muscle Insertion?
The attachment of the muscles other tendon to the movable bone is the insertion
43
Different arrangement of fasicles
``` Parallel Fusiform Circular Triangular Pennate: Unipennate, bipennate, mulipennate ```
44
Parallel Fascicles?
Fascicles are parallel to longitudinal axis of muscle, terminate at either end in flat tendons. Ex. Sternohyoid muscle
45
Fusiform Fascicles?
Fascicles nearly parallel to longitudinal axis of muscle, terminate in flat tendons. Thicker in the middle than the parallel fascicles Ex. digastric muscle
46
Circular?
Fascicles in concentric circular arrangements form sphincter muscles that enclose an orifice Ex Orbicularis oculi
47
Triangular?
Fascicles spread over broad area converge at thick central tendon; gives muscle a triangular appearance. Ex Pectoralis
48
pennate
short fascicles in relation to total muscle length; tendon extends nearly entire length of muscle
49
unipennate?
fascicles arranged on only one side of tendon | Ex Extensor digitorium longus muscle
50
bipennate?
Fascicles arranged on both sides of centrally positioned tendons Ex Rectus Femoris
51
Multipennate?
Fascicles attach obliquely from many directions to several tendons Ex Deltoid
52
Muscle Naming: | Rectus?
parallel to midline | Ex rectus abdominus
53
Trasverse?
perpendicular to midline | Ex Transverse abdominus
54
Oblique?
Diagonal to midline | Ex. External oblique
55
Maximus?
Largest in a group | Ex Gluteus maximus
56
Minimus?
Smallest | Ex gluteus minimus
57
Longus?
Long | Adductor Longus
58
Brevis?
Short | Adductor Brevis
59
Latissimus?
Widest | Latissimus dorsi
60
Longissimus?
Longest | Longissimus capitis
61
Magnus?
Large | Adductor Magnus
62
Major
Larger | pectoralis Major
63
Minor
Smaller | pectoralis minor
64
vastus
huge | Vastus lateralis
65
Deltoid
triangular | deltoid
66
trapezius
Trapezoid | Trapezius
67
Serratus
saw toothed | serratus anterior
68
rhomboid
diamond shaped | rhomboids
69
orbicularis
circular | orbicularis oculi
70
pectinate
comblike | pectineus
71
platys
flat- platypus beak | platysma
72
Quadratus
square, four sided | quadratus femoris
73
gracilis
slender | gracilis
74
flexor
decreases joint angle | flexor carpi radialis
75
extensor
increases joint angle | extensor carpi radialis
76
abductor
moves bone away from midline
77
adductor
moved bone toward the midline
78
levator
raises or elevates body part
79
depressor
lowers or depresses body part
80
supinator
turns palm anteriorly
81
pronator
turns palm posteriorly
82
sphincter
decreases size of an opening | external anal sphincter
83
tensor
makes body part rigid | tensor fasciae latae
84
rotator
rotates bone around longitudinal axis

A&P 2 (2 decks)

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