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Test Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Sound waves are…

A

Longitudinal and mechanical

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2
Q

The speed of ultrasound in soft tissue is closest to

A

1,500 m/s

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3
Q

The frequency closest to the lower limit of Ultrasound is

A

15,000 hz

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4
Q

Which is not an acoustic variable?

Density
pressure
distance
intensity

A

Intensity

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5
Q

The effects of soft tissue and Ultrasound are called

A

Acoustic propagational properties

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6
Q

Two waves with identical frequencies must interfere constructively.
True or False

A

True

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7
Q

Put in decreasing order..
Deca
Deci
Micro
Centi

A

Deca
Deci
Centi
Micro

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8
Q

________ is the time to complete one cycle.

A

Period

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9
Q

Which of the following sound waves is ultrasonic and least useful in diagnostic imaging?
30 khz
8mhz
8,000hz
15hz

A

30 khz

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10
Q

What is the frequency of a wave with 1 msec period?
10,000 hz
1,000 hz
1 khz
1 mhz

A

1 khz

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11
Q

______ is the distance covered by one cycle

A

Wavelength

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12
Q

Which of the following is determined by the source and a medium?
Frequency
Period
Propagation speed
Range resolution

A

Range resolution

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13
Q

Propagation speed = ______ x wavelength

A

Frequency

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14
Q

As a result of______ the propagation speed increases

A

Decreasing compressibility and decreasing density

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15
Q

Put in decreasing order of propagation speed
Gas
Liquid
Solid

A

Solid
Liquid
Gas

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16
Q

In the same medium, if the frequency of ultrasound is increased from 0.77 mhz to 1.54 mhz, what happens to the wavelength?

A

Halved

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17
Q

A sound waves frequency is 10 mhz. The waves traveling in soft tissue. What is it’s wavelength?
0.15 mm
1.54 mm
15.4 mm
10mhz

A

0.15 mm

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18
Q

If the frequency of an ultrasound wave is doubled, what happens to the period?

A

Halved

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19
Q

If the frequency of ultrasound is increase from 0.77 mhz to 1.54 mhz, what happens to the propagation speed?

A

Remains the same

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20
Q

The units of pulse repetition frequency are

A

Per minute

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21
Q

The time from the beginning of a pulse until its end is _______?

A

Pulse duration

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22
Q

What happens to the speed of sound in a medium when the bulk modulus of the medium increases?

A

Faster

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23
Q

_____ resolution is determined by the spacial pulse length

A

Radial or axial

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24
Q

If a wavelength amplitude is doubled, what happens to the power?
Nothing
Halved
Doubled
Quadrupled

A

Quadrupled

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25
Q

Power of sound has units of

A

Watts

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26
Q

If the intensity of a sound beam remains unchanged while the beam area is reduced in half, what has happened to the power?
Quadrupled
Doubled
Halved
Unchanged

A

Halved

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27
Q

Which of these intensities is smallest
SATP
SPTP
SATA

A

SATA

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28
Q

The duty factor for continuous wave ultrasound is
10.0
1%
1.0
0.0%.

A

1.0

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29
Q

What is the minimum value of the duty factor?
10.0
1 %
1.0.
0.0%.

A

0.0%.

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30
Q

What are the units of intensity?
Watts
DB
Watts/cm squared
DB

A

Watts/ cm squared

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31
Q

What happens to the speed of sound in a medium when the bulk modulus of the median decreases?
Faster
Slower
Unchanged

A

Slower

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32
Q

The units of attenuation are_____, this is a______ scale

A

dB, logarithmic

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33
Q

Sound intensity is decreased by 75%. How many decibels of attenuation is this?
6db
9DB
5 DB
10 Db

A

6DB

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34
Q

The fundamental frequency of a transducer is 2.5 MHz what is the second harmonic frequency?
1.25 MHz.
4.5 MHz.
5 MHz
5 cm

A

5 MHz

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35
Q

A pulse is emitted by a transducer and is traveling in soft tissue. The go return time, or time of flight, of a sound pulse is 130 µs. What is the reflector depth?
10 cm
10 mm
10 m
130 mm
13 cm

A

10 cm

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36
Q

If a 5 MHz sound wave is traveling in the tissues, listed below, which will have the shortest wave length?
Fat
Air
Muscle
Bone

A

Air

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37
Q

If a 5 MHz sound wave is traveling in the tissues, listed below, which will have the longest wavelength ?
Fat
Air
Muscle
Bone

A

Bone

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38
Q

What is the approximate attenuation coefficient of 1 MHz ultrasound in soft tissue?
0.5 dB/centimeters.
1 cm
3 dB/centimeters
1 dB

A

0.5 dB/centimeters.

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39
Q

The rayl is the unit of______
Intensity
Reflectance
Density
Impedance

A

Impedance

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40
Q

Impedance is the ______ of______ and_________.

A

Product, propagation, speed, density

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41
Q

What are attenuations three components

A

Scattering, reflection, absorption

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42
Q

For soft tissue, the approximate attenuation coefficient in dB/centimeters is equal to 1/2_______ in ______.
Wave length, MM
Frequency, HZ
Frequency, MHZ
Impedance, rayls

A

Frequency, MHZ

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43
Q

As the impedances of two media become vastly different, the_________ increases.
Reflection
Transmission
Refraction
Absorption

A

Reflection increases

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44
Q

The angle between an ultrasound pulse and the boundary between two media is 90°. What is this called?
Direct incidence
Oblique incidence
Indirect incidence
Orthogonal incidence

A

Orthogonal incidence

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45
Q

The angle between an ultrasound pulse and the boundary between two media is 56°. This is called ________
Direct incidence
Oblique incidence
Indirect incidence
Orthogonal incidence

A

Oblique incidence

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46
Q

Refraction only occurs if there are___________.

A

Oblique incidence, and different propagation speeds

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47
Q

With normal incidence, what factors affect refraction of ultrasound?
Propagation speed
Frequencies
Attenuation coefficients
None of the above

A

None of the above

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48
Q

With right angle, incidence, reflections are always generated at a boundary if the propagation speeds of the media are different.

True or false

A

False

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49
Q

_________ as a redirection of Ultrasound in many directions as a result of a rough boundaries between two media.
refraction.
Rayleigh scattering
Scattering
Reflection

A

Scattering

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50
Q

Which of the following tissues is most likely to create Rayleigh scattering?
Red blood cells
Muscle
Fat
Bone

A

Red blood cells

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51
Q

With normal incidents, the angle is 180°

True or false

A

False

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52
Q

Under which of the following conditions is axial resolution improved?
Decreased special pulse length
Decreased pulse amplitude
Decreased Imaging depth
Decreased pixel size
Decreased beam diameter

A

Decreased spacial pulse length

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53
Q

Snells law describes physics of______
Ultrasound
Reflection
Refraction
Transmission

A

Refraction

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54
Q

Most likely amount of reflection at a boundary between soft tissue is______
1%
22%
34%
99%

A

1%

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55
Q

The most typical amount of transmission at a boundary in biologic media is:
1 %
22%
34%
99%

A

99%

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56
Q

Sound is traveling from medium 1 to medium 2 . Propagation speeds of M1 and M2 are 1,600 m/s 1,500 m/s respectively. Three is normal incidence.

Angle of incidence > angle of reflection
Angle of incidence = angle of reflection
Angle of incidence < angle of reflection

A

Angle of incidence = angle of reflection

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57
Q

Doppler shifts always occur if the sound source and receiver are in motion

True or false

A

False

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58
Q

Which of the following is associated with power mode Doppler?
-Poor temporal resolution, and flash artifact
-lower sensitivity and good temporal resolution
-High sensitivity and high frame rates
-Flash artifact and reduce sensitivity
-Good temporal resolution and flash artifact

A

-Poor temporal resolution, and flash artifact

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59
Q

The Doppler shift is a measure of_______
-Ratio of incident frequency, to reflector frequency
-sum of incident frequency and reflective frequency
-difference between incident and reflect it frequency
-Product of incident and reflective frequencies

A

Difference between incident and reflected frequency

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60
Q

The sonographer cannot change directly or indirectly the duty factor of an ultrasound machine

True or false

A

False

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61
Q

Depth calibration of a machine measures 100 mm spaced wires to be 90 mm apart. Scanning reflectors 50 mm apart, what will the machine calculate the distance to be?
40 mm
45 mm
60 mm
65 mm

A

45 mm

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62
Q

There have not been biological effects from Ultrasound found in the laboratory

True or false

A

False

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63
Q

Which of the following is most relevant with regard to bioeffects?
Mechanical index
Overall gain
Output intensity
Thermal index

A

Output intensity

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64
Q

How many centimeters are 60 mm?
600
6
0.6.
0.06.

A

6

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65
Q

Lateral resolution is also called

A

Azimuthal

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66
Q

Which has the correct units?
Hz mm/s joules db/cm
MHz m/sec w/cm2 db

A

MHz m/sec w/cm2 db

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67
Q

What increases patient exposure?
Exam time
Frequency
Videotaping
Wave length

A

Exam time

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68
Q

Shadowing may result from higher amounts of reflection of ultrasound energy

True or false

A

True

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69
Q

Where are harmonics created?
In the receiver
In the transducer
In the tissues
In the beam former

A

In the tissues

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70
Q

How is range ambiguity Artifact eliminated?
Lower the PRF
Raise the PRF
Increase the gain
Use a lower frequency transducer

A

Lower the PRF

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71
Q

For Doppler, which incident, angle results, and no shift?
180°
90°
0°
45°

A

90°

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72
Q

Which transducer would be best to image superficial structures?
Small diameter, high frequency
Small diameter, low frequency
Large diameter, high frequency
Large diameter, low frequency

A

Small diameter, high frequency

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73
Q

A transducer with more than one active element is called-
Multipurpose
Annular
Mechanical
Array

A

Array

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74
Q

How many bits are needed to represent 16 shades of gray?
2
3
4
5

A

4

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75
Q

What information does Doppler shift provide?
Flow
Cardiac output
Velocity
Speed

A

Velocity

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76
Q

A sound wave is a pressure wave made of compressions and rarefactions.

True or false

A

True

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77
Q

A hydrophone is used to measure

Velocity
Frequency
Intensity
Phase

A

Frequency or intensity

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78
Q

Images on video tape are stored using-
Magic
Magnetism
Paper
computer memory

A

Magnetism

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79
Q

Circumferences may be measured in unit of

CM
CM squared
Cubic CM
Cubits

A

CM

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80
Q

Decimal uses a base of 10, binary uses a base of

1
2
5
10

A

2

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81
Q

If the frame rate increases and the lines per frame is unchanged, what else must happen?

Ultrasound speed increases
Frequency increases
Depth increases
Depth decreases

A

Depth decreases

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82
Q

Which of these cannot be performed by a Sonographer?

Adjust gain
Alter grayscale
Clean pixels
Adjust time gain compensation

A

Clean pixels

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83
Q

Which of the following is not a beam steering technique for a mechanical scan head?

Rotating wheel
Phased beam
Oscillating disc
Oscillating mirror

A

Phased beam

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84
Q

Which has the greatest amount of attenuation?

Bone
Fat
Water
Muscle

A

Bone

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85
Q

Which of the following will result in the greatest number of shades of gray in a digital image display?

Large pixels with many bits/pixel
Small pixels with few bits/pixel
Many TV lines per frame
High contrast
Narrow, dynamic range

A

Large pixels with many bits/pixel

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86
Q

What is not the responsibility of a sonographer?

Clean the filters
Adjust the recorder
Adjust converter matrix
Change paper

A

Adjust converter matrix

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87
Q

With good images on the display, but not on the printer, one should

Increase the gain
Check the scan head
Check scan converter
Adjust the recorder

A

Adjust the recorder

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88
Q

To measure the ultrasound beam, intensity, use a

Calibrated hydrophone
Lateral oscilloscope
Water filled phantom
Tissue equivalent phantom

A

Calibrated hydrophone

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89
Q

When the ultrasound machine displays only strong, reflecting objects, and nothing else, that sonographer should

Adjusted far gain
Increase output power
Increase lateral resolution
Adjust TGC

A

Increases output power

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90
Q

Dynamic range is used to

Decrease the amplitude
Altar grayscale
Reduce speckle

A

Altar grayscale

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91
Q

Reject is used to

Alter the appearance of highly reflective objects
Alter the appearance of Lowly reflective objects
Improve axial resolution
Improve digital scan converter sensitivity

A

Alter the appearance of Lowly reflective objects

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92
Q

If a reflector is moved twice as far away from the transducer, how will this affect the time of flight of a sound pulse?

Quadruple it
Double it
No change
Halve it

A

Double it

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93
Q

A single element transducer is focused

By the manufacturer
Cannot be focused
By increasing output power
By the sonographer

A

By the manufacturer

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94
Q

An ultrasound machine has a digital scan converter, but has an analog input signal. The machine needs to have a

Hybrid multiplexer
Modem
Analog to digital converter
Digital monitor

A

Analog to digital converter

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95
Q

Under which of the following conditions is lateral resolution improved?

Decreased beam diameter
Decreased pulse duration
Decreased Imaging depth
Decreased pixel size

A

Decreased beam diameter

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96
Q

In which way is an annular phase array, transducer different than a linear phased array transducer?

The linear is steered mechanically
The linear can have multiple focal zones
The annular can create a rectangular shaped image
The linear has higher pulse, repetition frequency
The annular is steered mechanically

A

The annular is steered mechanically

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97
Q

In which of these biologic tissues will sound waves propagate most quickly?

Tendon
Blood
Lung
Fat
Amniotic fluid

A

Tendon

98
Q

Which of the following best describes a sound beam?

Electrical impulses
A collection of mechanical vibration in the form of compressions and rarefactions
A wave that man can hear
Electronica variations
Ionic vibrations

A

A collection of mechanical vibrations in the form of compressions and rarefactions

99
Q

You are performing a quality assurance study on an ultrasound system, using a tissue equivalent phantom. You make an adjustment using a knob on the system Console that changes the appearance of reflector brightness from fully bright to barely visible. What are you evaluating?

Resolution
Dynamic range
System sensitivity
Vertical calibration
Slice thickness

A

System sensitivity

100
Q

Which of the following best describes the features of a sound wave and medium that determine the speed of sound in the medium?

Density of the medium and stiffness of the medium
Density of the medium and power of the sound beam
Elasticity of the medium and frequency of a sound beam
Stiffness of the median and elasticity of the medium
Pulse repetition. Of the sound wave and density of the medium.

A

Density of the medium and stiffness of the medium

101
Q

While scanning, and a water tank, what location in a sound beam has the highest intensity?

Focal point
Focal zone
Fresnel zone
Fraunhofer zone
Half value depth

A

Focal point

102
Q

Which of these factors has the greatest influence on pulse repetition period?

Display depth
Thickness of the PZT crystal
Attenuation of the sound beam
Impedance of the medium
Displays dynamic range

A

Displayed depth

103
Q

Which of the following choices best describes an ideal epidemiologic bioeffects study?

Randomized and prospective
Benefits outweigh the risks
Ideal and non-biased
prodent and safe

A

Randomized and prospective

104
Q

Which of the following will result in the highest mechanical index?

High frequency and low power
High intensity and high frequency
Low frequency and high signal amplitude
Low intensity and low frequency

A

Low frequency and high signal amplitude

105
Q

All of the following statements regarding in vitro bioeffects are true, except

In vitro bioeffects are clinically relevant
In vitro bioeffects are always real
In vitro bioeffects are very important
In vitro bioeffects may not be applicable to clinical settings

A

In vitro bioeffects are clinically relevant

106
Q

Under which circumstance is the mechanical index lowest?

High frequency and low power
High intensity, and high frequency
Low intensity and low frequency
Low frequency, and hi signal amplitude

A

High frequency and low power

107
Q

Which of the following improves the signal to noise ratio?

Dynamic range
Frame averaging
Grayscale
Edge enhancement
Gain

A

Frame averaging

108
Q

Under which circumstance is cavitation most likely to occur?

High frequency and low power
High intensity, and high frequency
Low intensity and low frequency
Low frequency and high signal amplitude

A

Low frequency and high signal amplitude

109
Q

Where does coded exultation, originate?

In the receiver
In the tissues
In contrast agents
In the matching layer
In the pulser

A

In the pulser

110
Q

Pre-processing occurs

When the patient is scanned
When images are transferred to the VCR
After the images are on the tape
When the image exits the scan converter

A

When the patient is scanned

111
Q

Post processing occurs when the image

Is played off of the VCR
Entered the A/D converter but before display
After it leaves, the A/D converter
After it leaves the scan converter

A

Entered the A/D converter but before display

112
Q

The region from the transducer to the minimum beam cross-sectional area is the

Fraunhofer zone
Fresnel zone
Focus
Snells length

A

Fresnel zone

113
Q

Biologic affects have not been documented below what intensity (SPTA)?

100 W/CM
100 MW/M squared
100 MW/CM squared
100 MW/CM to the third power

A

100 MW/CM squared

114
Q

What is the standard for communication between medical imaging computers?

ALARA
PACS
D to A conversion
DICOM
A to D conversion

A

DICOM

115
Q

The curie temperature has which effect?

The backing material delaminates from the active element
The glue binding the crystal and matching layer melts
The ferroelectric material is depolarized
The matching layer changes its impedance

A

The ferroelectric material is depolarized

116
Q

What happens to venous return to the heart during expiration?

Increased
Decreased
Unchanged

A

Decreased

117
Q

Which of the following has a propagation speed closest to soft tissue?

Muscle
Fat
Bone
Air

A

Muscle

118
Q

When can a patient revoke consent?

A

At any time

119
Q

Which of the following does not change temporal resolution?

Frequency compounding
Persistence
Spatial compounding
Temporal resolution

A

Frequency compounding

120
Q

Which of the following is not pre-processing?

Write magnification
3-D rendering
Fill in interpolation
Spatial compounding

A

3-D rendering

121
Q

Sonographers education ends when they become registered

True or false

A

False

122
Q

The dynamic range is the ratio of the smallest to the largest_______ that a system can process without distortion.

Amplitude
Frequency
Phase delay
Spatial length

A

Amplitude

123
Q

When may a patient revoke their consent to be treated?

A

At any time

124
Q

If the intensity is increased by 3 dB, it_________

Doubles
Triples
Halved
Quartered

A

Doubles

125
Q

What determines the frequency of a sound beam from a post transducer?

Voltage applied to the PZT
PZT thickness
Frequency of the system
PRF of the pulser

A

PZT thickness

126
Q

While propagating, a sound wave is refracted. Finally it returns to the transducer. The system processes the sound wave as if it has.______

Refracted and returned
Traveled in a straight line, reflected, and returned
Traveled in a straight line, attenuated, reflected, and returned

A

Traveled in a straight line, reflected, and returned 

127
Q

What measures the output of a transducer?

Receiver
Display
Hydro meter
Hydrophone

A

Hydrophone

128
Q

The impedance of tissue is 3x10 to the 5th rayls and for the PZT crystal is 6x10 to the 6th rayls. What is the best impedance for the matching layer?

36×10 to the sixth power
3600
10,000
9.5×10 to the fifth power.
9×10 to the fourth power

A

9.5×10 to the fifth power.

129
Q

Put in increasing order of propagation speed

Air, bone, water
Bone, water, air
Air, water, bone
Water, air, bone
Bone, air, water

A

Air, water, bone

130
Q

Which type of artifact appears most commonly with highly reflective objects?

Reverberations
Mirroring
Shadowing
Enhancement
Defocusing

A

Shadowing

131
Q

What can post Doppler measure that continuous wave cannot?

Duration
Speed
Velocity
Location
Frequency

A

Location

132
Q

What is the fraction of time that a transducer is transmitting?

Duty factor
Pulse duration
Period
PRF spatial duration

A

Duty factor

133
Q

Which of the following clinical modalities has the lowest output intensity?

Pulsed Doppler
Continuous wave Doppler
Power Doppler
Duplex scanning
Grayscale Imaging

A

Grayscale Imaging

134
Q

What is the location of the minimum cross-sectional area of the ultrasound being called?

Focus
Fraunhofer zone
Far zone
Near zone

A

Focus

135
Q

The dB is defined as the______ of two intensities.

Sum
Difference
Product
Ratio

A

Ratio

136
Q

An ultrasound system is set at 0 dB and it’s transmitting at full intensity. What is the output power when the system is transmitting at 50% full intensity?

-3 dB
-50 dB
10 dB
3 dB
-10 dB

A

-3 dB

137
Q

An ultrasound system is set at 0 dB and it’s transmitting at full intensity. What is the output power when the system is transmitting at 10% a full intensity?

-3 dB
-50 dB
10 dB
3 dB
-10 dB

A

-10 dB

138
Q

The Doppler shift is the______ of two frequencies.

Sum
Difference
Product
Ratio

A

Difference

139
Q

What is propagation speed determined by?

Wave length
Intensity and density
Amplitude
Density and elasticity
Density and amplitude

A

Density and elasticity

140
Q

If 300,000 cycles occur in a second, what is the waves frequency?

3 MHz
30 kHz
300 MHz
3 kHz
0.3 MHz.

A

0.3 MHz. 

141
Q

What may be a unit of amplitude?

CM
HZ
MSEC
WATTS
None of the above

A

CM

142
Q

A Doppler exam is performed with a 5 MHz probe and a PRF 15 kHz. Which of these Doppler shifts will create aliasing.

2 khz
2.5 kHz.
7.5 kHz.
14 kHz

A

14 kHz

143
Q

Which of the following choices determines the signal amplitude in the transducer have an ultrasound system?

Reflected intensity of the sound beam
Post processing
Edge enhancement, filtering
Persistence
Demodulation

A

Reflected intensity of a sound beam

144
Q

In an air, tissue interface, what percentage of the ultrasound is reflected?

0%
Near 0%
50%
Near 100%

A

Near 100%

145
Q

Traveling through the same medium, if the frequency has doubled, the wavelength is

Unchanged
Doubled
Halved
Quartered

A

Halved

146
Q

Traveling through the same median, if the frequency is doubled, the propagation speed is

Unchanged
Doubled
Halved
Quartered

A

Unchanged

147
Q

Increasing the frequency increases the penetration depth

True or false

A

False

148
Q

Axial resolution is affected by focusing

True or false

A

False

149
Q

If a manufacturer changed the lines per frame and kept the Imaging depth, the same, what else would change?

PRF
Period
Frame rate

A

Frame rate

150
Q

Which of the following has the greatest influence on temporal resolution?

Propagation speed and the imaging depth
Frequency of sound, and the propagation speed
Wave length of sound and propagation speed
Output power, and frequency

A

Propagation speed and the imaging depth

151
Q

In a real time scanner, which of these choices determines the maximum frame rate?

Depth of view
Pixel size
Attenuation coefficient
Beam diameter
Lateral resolution

A

Depth of view

152
Q

Multiple reflections that are equally spaced are called

Refractions
Reverberations
Shadows
Commets

A

Reverberations

153
Q

What artifact has a grainy appearance, and it’s caused by the interference affects of scattered sound?

Spackle
Reverberation
Slice thickness
Speckle
Section thickness

A

Speckle

154
Q

All of the following will improve, temporal resolution, except

Increased line density
Single, rather than multi focus
Higher frame rate
Shallower depth of view
Slower speed of sound in a medium

A

Increased line density

155
Q

Impedance is the product of_______ and________.

A

Density and propagation speed

156
Q

The manufacturer increases the number of lines per frame. As a result, what may have to decrease.

A

Frame rate, sector angle, Imaging depth

157
Q

What component of a transducer changes electrical to mechanical and mechanical back to electrical energy?

A

PZT

158
Q

Sonographers cannot affect a patient’s exposure to acoustic energy

True or false

A

False

159
Q

Attenuation of Ultrasound in soft tissue is closest to

3 dB/1 MHz
1 dB/CM/10 MHz
2 dB/CM
0.6 dB/CM/ MHz

A

0.6 dB/CM/ MHz

160
Q

How many bits are needed to represent 1024 gray shades?

1024
8
10
3
512

A

10

161
Q

Grayscale can be changed by the Sonographer

True or false

A

True

162
Q

The distance to a target is doubled. The time of flight for a pulse to travel to the target in back is.

4 times
8 times
The same
2 times

A

2 times

163
Q

Volume has which of the following units?

CM
CM squared
CM to the third power
CM to the fourth power

A

CM to the third power

164
Q

Which of the following is proportional to the square of the amplitude?

Period
Attenuation
Power
Frequency
Speed

A

Power

165
Q

What are the typical clinical Doppler frequencies?

1-10,000 Hz
1-10 MHz
2-1000 kHz
40- 45 kHz

A

1-10,000 Hz

166
Q

What Doppler angle is most inaccurate?

15 to 30°
30 to 45°
45 to 60°
60 to 75°

A

60 to 75°

167
Q

Changing, which of the following would not cause any change in a hard copy image output

TGC
Gain
Output power
Display brightness and contrast
Death of view

A

Display brightness and contrast

168
Q

A quality assurance program

Is not needed in small labs
Is very time consuming and expensive
Is needed by all labs
Cannot be performed by sonographers

A

Is needed by all labs

169
Q

What is the actual time that an ultrasound machine is creating a pulse?

Duty factor
Period
Pulse period
Pulse duration

A

Pulse duration

170
Q

The angle of incidence of an ultrasound beam is perpendicular to an interface. The two media have the same propagation speeds what process cannot occur?

Refraction
Reflection
Transmission
Attenuation

A

Refraction

171
Q

What component of the ultrasound unit contains the memory bank?

Transducer
Receiver
Display
Scan converter

A

Scan converter

172
Q

An ultrasound wave travels through two media and has attenuation of 3 dB in the first and 5 dB in a second. What is the total attenuation?

15 dB
8 dB
3/5 dB
5/8 dB

A

8 dB

173
Q

According to the AIUM statement on bio effects, there have been no confirmed bio effects below intensities of______ watts per square centimeter SPTA

10
0.01.
0.1.
1
100

A

0.1

174
Q

Fill in of an anechoic structure, such as a cyst is known as all of the following, except

Partial volume artifact
Slice thickness artifact
Section thickness, artifact
Ghosting artifact

A

Ghosting artifact

175
Q

What is the range of frequencies created by medical diagnostic Doppler transducers?

4 to 10 Hz
10 to 20 MHz
1 to 10 kHz
2 to 20 Hz
2 to 10 MHz

A

2 to 10 MHz

176
Q

Doppler shifts are always created when the source and receiver are in motion relative to each other

True or false

A

False

177
Q

What is the significance of grayscale variation in the spectrum of a pulsed wave Doppler display?

It represents the number of red blood cells creating the reflection

It represents the velocity of red blood cells

It represents the speed of red blood cells

It determines the ensemble length

A

It represents the number of red blood cells creating the reflection

178
Q

Which of the following sets of properties of a test phantom is most relevant when assessing depth calibration accuracy?

Reflectors spacing, and reflection coefficient
Attenuation and speed of ultrasound in the medium
Reflector spacing, and ultrasound attenuation in the medium
Reflector spacing, and propagation speed

A

Reflector spacing, and propagation speed

179
Q

Assuming a constant frequency, what happens if the diameter of an unfocused circular transducer is increased?

The distance to the Far field is reduced
The beam width in the near field is reduced
The beam width in the near field is increased
The ultrasound wave length is increased
The sensitivity is reduced 

A

The beam width in the near field is increased

180
Q

From a safety standpoint, which one of the following methods is best?

Low output power, and high gain
High output power and low gain
High near gain and low far gain
Low near gain and high far gain
High reject and high transmitter output

A

Low output power, and high gain

181
Q

The relative output of an ultrasound instrument is collaborated in decibels, and the operator increases the output by 60 dB. The beam intensity is increase by which of the following.

5%
Two times
20 times
100 times
1 million times

A

1 million times

182
Q

What is the most typical Doppler shift measured clinically??

3.5 MHz.
3.5 million Hz
2 kHz
1000 kHz
20,000 Hz

A

2 kHz

183
Q

Doppler shifts always occur if the source and receiver are in motion relative to each other

True or false

A

False

184
Q

Doppler shifts always occur if the source and observer are in motion relative to each other and the angle between the motion and the sound beam is 90°

True or false

A

False

185
Q

Doppler shifts always occur if the source and Observer are in motion relative to each other and the angle between emotion and the sound beam is not 90°

True or false

A

True

186
Q

When the sound source and the receiver are not moving directly towards or away from each other, the________ of the angle between them, enters into the calculation of Doppler shift

Average
Slope
Sine
Cosine

A

Cosine

187
Q

The range equation relates distance from the reflector to______ and_______

Time of flight, distance
Frequency, wave length
Time of flight, propagation, speed
Propagation speed, density

A

Time of flight, propagation, speed

188
Q

In soft tissue: distance traveled= ______ x round-trip time

Propagation speed
Wave length
Period
PRF

A

Propagation speed

189
Q

With the presence of_______ we see more boundaries than there are reflecting surfaces

Reverberations
Shadowing
Enhancement
Arrays

A

Reverberations

190
Q

What is another name for longitudinal resolution?

Axial
Depth
Lateral
Transverse

A

Axial or depth

191
Q

What are the units of longitudinal resolution?

Hertz
Rayls
M/S
Feet

A

Feet

192
Q

Which of the following is the best lateral resolution?

15 mm
6 mm
0.06 cm.
2 cm

A

0.06 cm.

193
Q

If the special pulse length is 10 mm, what is the axial resolution?

0.5 cm.
5 cm
10 mm
1 cm

A

0.5 cm.

194
Q

If the frequency is decreased, the numerical value of the radial resolution is

Increased
Decreased
Unchanged

A

Increased

195
Q

A transducer______ one form of _______ to another

A

Converts, energy

196
Q

The production of a voltage from the application of a pressure is called

Piezoelectricity
Impedance
Cogeneration
Flux

A

Piezoelectricity

197
Q

What is the production of deformation from voltage called?

Piezoelectricity
Impedance
Cogeneration
Flux

A

Piezoelectricity

198
Q

Which is not a part of a transducer?

Active crystal
Matching layer
A/D converter
Wire

A

A/D converter

199
Q

What is the Fraunhofer?

Focus
Near zone
Far zone
Penetration depth

A

Far zone

200
Q

If we increase the frequency, the near zone length is

Increased
Decreased
Unchanged

A

Increased

201
Q

If the transducer aperture increases, the lateral resolution at its smallest dimension is

Increased
Decreased
Unchanged

A

Increased

202
Q

If we increase the transducer diameter, the beam diameter in the far zone is

Increased
Decreased
Unchanged

A

Decreased

203
Q

At the focus, the beam diameter is_______ the transducer diameter

Equal to
Half
Double
1/4

A

Half

204
Q

Lateral resolution can be improved by

Increasing gain
Decreasing gain
Focusing
Smoothing

A

Focusing

205
Q

The digital scan converter has a number of pixels assigned to each bit

True or false

A

False

206
Q

The more bits per pixel

The better the resolution
The higher the pixel density
The more shades of gray
Higher reliability

A

The more shades of gray

207
Q

The more pixels per inch

The better the temporal resolution
The better the spatial resolution
The more shades of gray
The higher the reliability

A

The better the spatial resolution

208
Q

Which of the following is the first adjustment made when an entire image is too dark?

Output power
Decompensation
Reject
Gain

A

Gain

209
Q

What is the elimination of voltages that do not exceed a certain level?

Gain
Decompensation
Reject
Demodulation

A

Reject

210
Q

What is the name of the receiver function that corrects for attenuation?

A

Compensation

211
Q

The process of changing grayscale is called________

A

Dynamic range

212
Q

If the lines per frame is increased, while the imaging depth is unchanged then

Frame rate increases
Number of shades of gray decreases
The frame rate decreases
This cannot happen

A

The frame rate decreases

213
Q

A mirror image artifact can appear along side of the true anatomy

True or false

A

False

214
Q

Enhancement, multipath and side, lobes result in

Image distortion
Clearer images
Artifact
Resolution problems

A

Artifact

215
Q

The propagation speed of ultrasound in the AIUM test object is

1 m/s
1.54 m/s
1.54 mm/ us
1km/s

A

1.54 mm/ us

216
Q

If wires in an AIUM test object do not appear in the same place as the display, what is amiss?

Registration accuracy
Dynamic range accuracy
Near gain
Grayscale dynamic range

A

Registration accuracy

217
Q

How many data bits are needed to represent 46 grade shades?

46
5
6
8

A

6

218
Q

The Fresnel is the

Focus
Far zone
Near zone
Penetration depth

A

Near zone

219
Q

Which of the following is associated with cavitation?

Thermal index
Snells law
Avogadro’s number
Mechanical index

A

Mechanical index

220
Q

Which of the following best describes the mechanistic approach to the study of bio effects?

Cause- effect
Exposure – response
Risk – benefit
Causation – reaction
Effect – micro streaming

A

Cause – effect

221
Q

Which of the following best describes the empirical approach to the study of bio effects?

Exposure – response
Cause – effect
Risk – benefit
Causation – reaction
Effect – micro streaming

A

Exposure – response

222
Q

The interaction of microscopic bubbles and ultrasound form the basis for cavitation bio effects. Which of the following forms of cavitation are most likely to produce micro streaming, and the intracellular fluid and shear stresses?

Stable cavitation
Normal cavitation
Transient cavitation
Inertial cavitation
Active cavitation

A

Stable cavitation

223
Q

The consolidation of mini images into a single frame, best describes which of the following?

Dynamic range
Fill in interpolation
Phase quadrature
Persistence

A

Persistence

224
Q

What artifact is created by an object that is located deeper than the image?

Range ambiguity
Shadowing
Speckle
Section thickness

A

Range ambiguity

225
Q

Which of the following will eliminate range ambiguity, artifact?

Increase wall filter
Coded excitation
Lower frequency, transducer
Frequency compounding

A

Coded excitation

226
Q

Which of the following will eliminate range ambiguity artifact?

Increase wall filter
Imaging deeper
Lower frequency, transducer
Frequency compounding

A

Imaging deeper

227
Q

Which of the following will eliminate range ambiguity artifact?

Raising the PRF
Lowering the PRF
Lower frequency, transducer
Frequency compounding

A

Lowering the PRF

228
Q

Identify one of the advantages of coded excitation

Improved contrast resolution
Improved lateral resolution
Improved temporal resolution
Shorter pulse repetition period

A

Improved contrast resolution

229
Q

All of the following are true of normal cavitation, except

Harmful bio effects are commonly observed

It is also known as inertial cavitation

Only 10% increase in pressure is needed to convert to this from stable cavitation

Temperatures in the thousands of degrees are created

It is consistent with shock waves

A

Harmful bio effects are commonly observed

230
Q

Where does coded excitation originate?

The demodulator
The flux capacitor
The transducer
The pulser

A

The pulser

231
Q

Which of the following has the greatest output power?

B mode
Grayscale Imaging
CW Doppler
Pulsed Doppler

A

Pulsed Doppler

232
Q

Do you enter a hospital room to perform an ultrasound exam. Which of the following should you do first?

Check the room number
Ask a nurse to confirm the patients name
Ask the patient visitors to leave the room
Politely check the patient’s wristband for identification

A

Politely check the patient’s wristband for identification

233
Q

You encounter a patient that does not speak English. Which of the following is best to obtain informed consent?

Call for a hospital interpreter
Use sign language
Point to the signature line of the consent form and have the patient seen it

A

Call for a hospital interpreter

234
Q

The creation of an image by scanning from different angles, best describes__________

Spatial compounding
Fill in interpolation.
Phase quadrature
Persistence

A

Spatial compounding

235
Q

What is the meaning of a thermal index = 3?

Tissue temperature may rise 3°F
Tissue temperature will rise 3°C
Tissue temperature may rise 3°C
Micro bubbles 3 mm in diameter will burst

A

Tissue temperature may rise 3°C

236
Q

Identify one of the advantages of coded excitation

Penetration
Improved lateral resolution
Improved temporal resolution
Shorter pulse repetition period

A

Penetration

237
Q

Which of these boundaries will create the strongest reflection?

Air– lung
Air – soft tissue
Air – blood
Soft tissue – blood

A

Air – soft tissue

238
Q

Which of these boundaries will create the weakest reflection?

Air – lung
Air – soft tissue
Air – blood
Soft tissue – blood

A

Soft tissue – blood

239
Q

An object is located at a depth of 10 cm. The imaging depth is 7 cm. At what depth will a reflection from the object appear on the image?

10 cm
7 cm
17 cm
3 cm

A

3 cm

240
Q

Which of the following modalities has the greatest output power?

Grayscale
Pulsed Doppler
Continuous wave Doppler
Elastography

A

Pulsed Doppler

241
Q

Which of the following modalities has the lowest output power?

Grayscale
Pulsed Doppler
Continuous wave Doppler
Elastography

A

Grayscale

242
Q

How often should electrical safety checks be performed on an Endo cavity transducer?

A

Before each exam

spi esp (2 decks)

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