Test Questions Examples Flashcards
(15 cards)
Describe how soil creep happens
Soil creep happens when soil moves down a slope slowly and gently at the pace of 1cm per year this mean soil creep is the slowest form of mass movement. We only notice these changes after many years of leaving clues like Terracetes of the landscape.
Describe how a landslide happens
A landslide is a sudden movement of rock, soil and debris down a slope due to gravity. These factors cause friction and support causing materials to slide downhill which is weakened by factors such as rainfall, deforestation and other human activities like road construction, rails and buildings
Freeze thaw action
Restore action occurs when water sees into joints and cracks in the rock during the day at night the temperature then drops below freezing the water freezes and expanse. This makes a crack bigger and put strain in the rock the water expands by 9% when frozen after repeated freezing and towing of water over many years, the rock split sharp jacket pieces cold screen break off they roll down the mountain side and collect pies at the bottom of the scope.
Describe how carbonation happens
Carbonation happens when rainwater H2O mixes with carbon dioxide CO2 to form a carbonic acid. This acid reacts with the calcium carbonate and limestone which contains up to 95% calcium carbonate the carbonic acid H2 CO3 dissolves the calcium carbonate turning it into calcium bicarbonate which is soluble and water overtime this process cause the cast carbonate in limestone to dissolve leading to weathering.
How does limestone pavement occur
Limestone pavement occurs when soil is stripped through glaciation exposing the rock, rainwater then dissolves the rock form groove lime grikes and flat slabs called Clint’s in the rock e.g the Burren Co. Clare
How do Leaves form
Leeves from through deposition in the old stage of a river, it helps prevent/ stop flooding, when flooding occurs rainfall or snowmelt the river floods the floodplains depositing sediments such as sand a gravel closet to the rivers banks, overtime after repeated flooding the sand and gravel sediments build up high forming naturally made Leeves, fine sediment such as slit and clay are deposited further from the rivers banks helping form now fertile floodplains some levees are artificial while these one are natural e.g the old stage of the river Liffey.
2 ways we use rivers
HEP - rivers are used to generate electricity by building dams that harness the energy of moving water leg the Ardnacrusha Dam - the river Liffey
Transportation - Rivers serve as natural highways for boats and ships allowing the movement of goods and people, historically major cities were built along rivers for this reason.
2 positives of dam construction
HEP Generation - Rivers generate renewable electricity reducing fossil fuel reliance
Water Supply and interrogation - ensure stable water for drinking, farming and industry
2 negatives of dam construction
Flooding - flooding forces communities to have to relocate
Environemtnal damage - Alters ecosystems, distrupt fish migration and cause erosion
How to prevent flooding
Reforestation - plant more trees near areas that get flooded easily during times of heavy rainfall ( floodplains or cities )
Don’t build on floodplains - don’t construct in floodplains or flooding will occur
Why has flooding occurred more often
Deforestation- trees have been cut down for building houses
Construction on floodplains - county councils have allowed construction of housing estates on floodplains
How does a sea cliff form
A sea cliff form through erosion by destructive waves, hydraulic action occurs as waves crash against the cliff compressing air into cracks in the rock, wreaking it. Abrasion then moves Rocks and pebbles in waves against the bottom of the cliff eroding it forming a wave - cut notch. Overtime the overhang collapses forcing the cliff to retreat back leaving a wave - cut platform at the base e.g the Cliffs of Moher Co.Clare
How does a beach form
A beach forms through deposition between the high water mark and low water mark, through deposition of materials like Sand, rock and shingle. They a formed by constructive waves that transport, move and deposit materials along the coast due to longshore drift. When a wave losses energy, especially in sheltered bay areas the beach then gradually builds up. Storm beaches form when powerful storm waves move boulders and large pebbles high up the shore forming a steep - ridge in the normal high tide line e.g Sandymount beach Dublin.
Leisure activities on a coast
Many sports activities like swimming or picnics can be had along beaches and bays, they are most popular in the summer
How to protect the coast 4 ways
Groynes : these are wooden or concrete walls placed perpendicular to the beach stopping the movement of sand a sediment up the shore preventing longshore drift. These are cheap but you need to place them correctly of they could cause even more erosion elf Rosslare Co. Wexford.
Rock armour: these are boulders of rock usually basalt placed beside the land to protect it from powerful waves. These are cheap and easy to make e.g Lahinch Co. Clare
Sea walls: sea walls are curved walls that are placed at the edge of the coats to defend and reflect waves back out to the sea e,g Lahinch Co. Clare
Gabions: these are wired cages full of rocks that are placed just on the land to protect it from the sea, theses are cheap to make but break easily and need to be replaced overtime.
