Test Review Flashcards
1
Q
A protein is composed of monomers known as
A
amino acids.
2
Q
Humans belong to the biological category known as
A
domain eukarya
2
Q
_____ refers to an organism’s ability to maintain an internal environment.
A
Homeostasis
3
Q
Why do we store energy as fat instead of carbohydrates?
A
Fat contains more energy in less weight.
3
Q
A _____ bond joins together two atoms through sharing a pair of electrons.
A
covelant
4
Q
Which of the following accurately describes an enzyme?
a protein that speeds a chemical reaction
a molecule made of many smaller molecules
a protein that can create covalent bonds
a molecule that stops working if denatured
A
all previously listed:
a protein that speeds a chemical reaction
a molecule made of many smaller molecules
a protein that can create covalent bonds
a molecule that stops working if denatured
5
Q
According to the rule we introduced in class, what would qualify as a carbohydrate?
(how many carbons/hydrogens/oxygens)
A
C10H20O10 because a carbohydrate has 2 hydrogens for every 1 carbon and 1 oxygen
6
Q
Fat is better than carbohydrate as an energy storage molecule. Why?
A
fat contains more energy in less weight.
7
Q
Which is NOT true about hypothesis?
it must be testable to be useful, it can be proven to be false, it can be proven to be true, it is a tentative explanation, or it is based on previous knowledge
A
it must be testable to be useful it can be proven to be false it is a tentative explanation it is based on previous knowledge NOT true: It can be proven to be true.
7
Q
A specific kind of atom is known as a(n)
A
element.
8
Q
A theory differs from a hypothesis in that a theory:
A
Is broader in scope than a hypothesis
Ties together many existing observations
Has more supportive evidence than a hypothesis
Has predictive power
(all of the above)
9
Q
Cells use _____ to carry energy from one molecule to another.
A
electrons
10
Q
Eukariotic cells rely on the _____ to provide it with ATP.
A
mitochondria
10
Q
What makes one element different from another?
A
The number of protons in its nucleus.
10
Q
A(n) _____ fatty acid is ‘kinked,’ which causes it to be more liquid than other types.
A
unsaturated
11
Q
The process of _____ converts cellulose to glucose.
A
hydrolysis
12
Q
The first law of thermodynamics explains the concept that
A
energy cannot be destroyed, only changed.
13
Q
Which is found in mitochondria and NOT found in any other organelle within the cytoplasm of an animal cell?
amino acids
nucleotides
phospholipids
DNA
enzymes
A
DNA
14
Q
Two molecules often join together in a(n) _____, which is essentially a weak attraction between opposite charges.
A
hydrogen bond
15
Q
Animals manufacture _____ to be used in the same way that plants use starch.
A
glycogen
15
Q
If an atom has 15 protons, how many covalent bonds could it form with hydrogen atoms?
A
3
16
Q
If the environment outside a cell is _____, water will diffuse into the cell due to its high salt content.
A
hypotonic
16
Q
A _____ is an organelle for storing digestive enzymes within a cell.
A
lysosome
17
Q
Which is a function of the mitochondria?
detoxifying molecules
recycling worn-out cell components
sorting and packaging proteins
making ATP
making membrane proteins
A
making ATP
19
Which is NOT a major characteristic of life?
homeostasis
energy use
evolution
movement
structural organization
Movement
19
Particles called _____ manufacture all proteins in every living cell.
ribosomes
20
The molecule named _____ is what we refer to as 'fat.'
triglyceride
21
Due to the diversity of properties they can have, _____ are the most critical molecules for a cell.
proteins
21
\_\_\_\_\_ are packages used to move proteins from one location to another within a cell.
Vesicles
22
If a molecule is \_\_\_\_\_, it will not mix with water.
hydrophobic
23
Our cells use a reaction known as _____ to break-down polymers into their monomers.
hydrolysis
23
We use something known as the _____ to measure the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.
pH scale
24
Which is the LARGEST?
atom
cell
electron
molecule
ion
cell
26
The _____ of a eukaryotic cell is used to organize the organelles in their proper locations within the cell.
cytoskeleton
27
Science experiments always include a(n) _____ to eliminate all explanations except one.
control
28
Molecules have properties that are never found in their individual atoms. This is an example of
emergent properties.
29
The moleucles known as _____ and _____ are composed of identical units that are merely connected differently.
starch : cellulose
31
The principle we described as _____ is what makes starch different from cellulose
handedness
32
Cells that require large amounts of ATP would probably contain more _____ than other cells.
mitochondria
33
If an atom contains 12 protons and 13 electrons, which of the following statements about the atom would be true?
it has a negative charge
it is an unstable isotope
it is impossible for such an atom to exist
it has 'stolen' an electron from another atom
it has a negative charge
33
Which of the following is a principle we learn from the 'Cell Theory'?
all life on Earth is related
all cells are surrounded by a cell membrane
cells are composed of 4 different kinds of molecules
life is a unique property of certain molecules
a living organism must be composed of more than one kind of cell
all life on earth is related
34
Which of the followowing is the SMALLEST?
atom
ion
molecule
cell
electron
electron
34
A(n) _____ is a large molecule composed of many single, smaller molecules.
polymer
35
Which statement is true concerning prokaryotic cells?
they are more complex than other cells
they lack DNA and must use protein for their genes
they never make polymers
they are much smaller than eukaryotic cells
they are much smaller than eukaryotic cells
35
The purpose for digestion in our bodies and cells is
to provide monomers for our cells to use.
36
What determines the characteristics of a specific protein?
the order of its amino acids
38
The chemical mechanism known as _____ is how cells make polymers.
dehydration synthesis
39
The function of the _____ is to manufacture proteins to be secreted from the cell.
rough ER
41
A fatty acid containing a double covalent bond is referred to as
unsaturated.
42
The _____ determines the properties of an atom.
number of protons
42
Which of the following does NOT have a charge?
an electron
a proton
a neutron
an ion
an atom with more protons than electrons
a neutron
43
Carbohydrates are used by cells to do all of the following EXCEPT
identifying cells that belong to your body
forming a rigid, porous box around some cell membranes
storing energy for long-term use
carrying -out the chemical reactions that maintain life
forming long, multi-unit molecules
carrying-out the chemical reactions that maintain life
45
Our cells use a reaction known as _____ to make a polymer out of monomers.
dehydration synthesis
46
Eukaryotic cells contain \_\_\_\_\_, and this distinguishes them from prokaryotic cells.
organelles
48
Cells that secrete lots of a particular protein would probably contain more _____ than other cells.
Golgi
50
Bacteria that are often found in hostile environments, like boiling springs, belong to
Domain Archaea
51
Which molecule is always hydrophobic?
protein
carbohydrate
lipid
nucleic acid
water
Lipid
52
Which of the following does NOT have a cell wall?
human cells
bacterial cells
fungi cells
plant cells
archaean cells
human cells
54
Every kind of living cell is surrounded by a(n)
cell membrane.
55
Which is the function of the nucleic acids?
storing energy for long-term use
assembling glucose into long strings of protein
storing the information for making proteins
separating parts of the cell into compartments
storing the information for making proteins
57
The endosymbiotic theory is used to explain
where mitochondria originated.
58
Which of the following is TRUE with respect to nucleotides?
they are monomer components of proteins
they are very diverse in their individual properties
all fatty acids are composed of the same set of four
they can function as 'batteries' for cells
they are very hydrophobic
they can function as 'batteries' for cells
61
Which of the following is a function of the smoth ER?
making ATP as an energy source for the cell
detoxifying molecules
recycling worn-out cell components
making membrane proteins
sorting and packaging individual cells
detoxifying molecules
62
Which of the following is a function of the rough ER?
detoxifying molecules
making membrane proteins
recycling worn-out cell components
sorting and packaging proteins
making ATP
making membrane proteins
63
Which would be the MOST acidic?
pH 10
pH 8
pH13
pH 4
pH 2
pH 2
64
If an atom has 16 protons, how many vacancies are found in the valence shell?
2
65
Cells that eat damaged or old cells for recycling would probably contain more _____ than other cells.
lysosomes
66
According to the rule we introduced in class, which of the following would qualify as a carbohydrate?
C10H12O12
CHO2
C20H40O20
C6H6O12
C6H6O6
C20H40O20
68
A(n) _____ is a unique compartment within a cell.
organelle
69
The _____ is used to predict which elements are most likely to form covalent bonds with each other.
octet rule
70
All membranes are composed of \_\_\_\_\_.
phospholipids
71
An idea is called a(n) _____ once scientists have done many, many experiments that support a hypothesis.
theory
72
Which is a polysaccharide?
protein
triglyceride
glucose
cellulose
DNA
sucrose
cellulose
73
Which of the following organelles contains DNA?
mitochondria
golgi apparatus
rough ER
smooth ER
none of these
mitochondria
74
If we change the order of the amino acids in protein, what will be the result?
The protein will be completely different.
76
Which of these is a function of the cytoskeleton?
organizing internal components of cells
providing methods for moving the entire cell
maintaining the overall shape of the cell
aligning organelles within the cell
all previously listed:
organizing internal components of cells
providing methods for moving the entire cell
maintaining the overall shape of the cell
aligning organelles within the cell
77
The function of DNA is
storing information to make proteins.
78
A substance that can release hydroxyl (OH-) ions to a solution is called a(n) \_\_\_\_\_.
base
79
When we _____ a protein, we are changing its 3-dimensional shape without breaking any covalent bonds.
denature
80
The molecules known as _____ are the monomers of triglycerides.
fatty acids
81
During photosynthesis, carbon atoms from _____ are joined together to form glucose.
carbon dioxide
82
\_\_\_\_\_ is the process of making glucose from carbon dioxide.
The Calvin-Benson cycle (photosynthesis)
83
Where does the Calvin-Benson cycle occur in a eukaryotic cell?
chloroplast
84
In addition to NADPH, plants use molecules of _____ to supply energy for carbon fixation.
ATP
85
The _____ is where hydrogen ions are stored during photoshynthesis.
thylakoid
86
In addition to sunlight energy, _____ goes into the Hill reaction of photoshynthesis.
water
87
Enzymes found in the _____ make glucose from carbon dioxide.
Calvin-Benson cycle
88
The green color of leaves actually comes from
molecules in the thylakoid membranes.
89
The second law of thermodynamics explains the concept that
heat is always released when we transfer energy.
90
The first law of thermodynamics explains the concept that
energy cannot be destroyed, only changed.
91
In a molecule of DNA, the base 'C' always pairs with which of these?
G
92
Which of the following is NOT found in a DNA molecule?
protein
nitrogenous base
phosphate
deoxyribose
protein
93
Which of the following best describes cellular respiration?
The process of converting oxygen to carbon dioxide.
All of these.
Careful extraction of energy from glucose.
Creating energy.
Making glucose using energy from the sun.
Careful extraction of energy from glucose.
94
Where does the Krebs cycle occur in a eukaryotic cell?
mitochondria
95
Glucose is converted to _____ as a result of glycolysis.
pyruvate
96
The carbon dioxide we exhale was originally part of the _____ in our systems.
food we ate
97
How many net ATP's are produced from one glucose as a result of cellular respiration?
30
98
Which of the following processes is used in both photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Calvin-Benson cycle
Electron transport
all of these
Krebs cycle
the Hill reaction
glycolysis
Electron transport
99
Which of the following molecules essentially represents an 'uncharged battery'?
ATP
FADH2
NAD
NADPH
None of these
All of these
NAD
100
In the absence of sufficient oxygen for electron transport, our cells convert pyruvate to lactic acid in order to
convert NADH to NAD
101
The codon CCC would match to which amino acid?
proline
arginine
glycine
phenylalanine
lysine
proline
102
Which is not found in DNA?
adenine
thymine
phospholipid group
phosphate group
deoxyribose sugar
phospholipid group
103
In a molecule of DNA, the base 'c' always pairs with which of these?
C
U
T
A
G
G
104
In a molecule of DNA, the base 'A' always pairs with which of these?
T
C
U
A
G
T
105
Complementary base pairs are held together by
hydrogen bonds
106
A mRNA has the following sequence. What would be the corresponding amino acid sequence?
AUG AAA UUU CCC GGG UAA
methionine-lysine-phenylalanine-proline-glycine
107
What does the term 'genetic code' refer to?
The way all life makes proteins using DNA information.
108
We have defined a _____ as the information in DNA to build a single protein.
gene
109
If 20% of the neucleotides in a sample of DNA are 'A', then what percent would be 'C'?
30%
110
For the DNA sequence GCCTAT, the complementary strand would be
CGGATA
111
Oxygen is used directly in the cellular process called \_\_\_\_\_.
Electron transport
112
We have described _____ as functioning within the cell like an 'uncharged battery'.
ADP
NADP
NAD
FAD
(all of these)
113
Enzymes of the _____ release carbon dioxide originally found in glucose.
Krebs cycle
114
The air is full of oxygen that was originally part of _____ before being used in photosynthesis.
water
115
During photosynthesis, the pH of the _____ drops to a very low level.
thylakoid
116
If a cell is placed into a _____ solution, water will rush into the cytoplasm of the cell.
hypotonic
117
\_\_\_\_\_ is the process of making a complete copy of all of the DNA within a cell.
Replication
118
A scientist identifies the gene that gives fireflies the ability to glow in the dark and places an exact copy of that gene into a trout. What would the trout do with this gene?
It would use the gene to glow like a firefly.
119
A fertilized human egg divides several times until there are 32 cell available to make the body. These cells would be called
embryonic stem cells
120
Which component is not directly involved in translation?
mRNA
DNA
tRNA
ribosomes
amino acids
DNA
121
Cells must use _____ to carry energy from one molecule to another.
electrons
122
A _____ is one large piece of DNA containing information to make thousands of proteins.
chromosome
123
Fat is used to produce energy by being broken-down into \_\_\_\_\_, which is the molecule produced by the 'transition reaction' of cellular respiration.
acetyl CoA
124
The second law of thermodynamics tells us that
heat is always released when we transfer energy.
125
In addition to ATP, plants use molecules of _____ to supply energy for carbon fixation.
NADPH
126
A _____ stem cell is one that has the ability to become ANY other kind of cell in the body.
pluripotent
127
Each _____ in a mRNA molecule corresponds to a single amino acid.
codon
128
Molecules enter the cell via _____ if their concentration is high outside the cell.
diffusion
129
A DNA sequence called a _____ tells cells where to start transcription.
promoter
130
Which of the following processes transfers energy from NADH to ATP?
Chemiosmotic phosphorylation
131
If a protein is 360 amino acids long, how many codons would the gene contain?
360
132
Who is credited with determining the correct structure of a DNA molecule?
James Watson and Francis Crick.
133
The 'endosymbiotic theory' is supported by which of the following pieces of evidence?
All of these.
Chloroplasts use membranes to create compartments.
Chloroplasts contain enzymes that make ATP.
Mitochondria are found only in animal cells.
Mitochondria contain their own unique genes.
Mitochondria contain their own unique genes.
134
Which of the following is TRUE with respect to nucleotides?
DNA is composed of an infinite number of different kinds.
We can reuse them over and over again.
They are the monomer components of proteins.
We can reuse them over and over again.
135
Where does glycolysis occur in a eukaryotic cell?
cytoplasm
136
What would be the result of a frame-shift mutation?
The correct protein would not be made.
137
Why are stem cells the subject of such intense research?
To decipher how cells become differentiated.
138
Cellular respiration converts one glucose molecule to _____ molecules of carbon dioxide.
6
139
ATP contains which of the following component molecules?
protein, lipid and glucose
a nitrogenous base, ribose and phosphate
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
enzymes, membranes and water
sodium, potassium and an enzyme pump
a nitrogenous base, ribose and phosphate
140
Which of the following bases is NOT found in DNA?
A
C
T
G
U
U
141
What is the function of the cell membranes found INSIDE the cell?
To isolate functions and molecules.
142
The process known as _____ releases large amounts of protein from a cell all at the same time.
exocytosis
143
If the coding region of a gene is 600 nucleotides long, it will produce
a protein containing 200 amino acids.
144
Which of these is found in DNA but NOT in RNA?
phosphate
nitrogenous bases
sugar
double strands
single strands
double strands
145
The electrons that leave the chloroplasts during the Hill reaction are replaced by taking them from
water.
146
\_\_\_\_\_ is defined as the capacity to do some kind of work.
Energy
147
Which of the following occurs differently in mitosis compared to meiosis?
how bases pair up in DNA replication
when DNA replication occurs
where centrioles are located
how many DNA molecules are present at the beginning
how homologous chromosome pairs line up
How homologous chromosome pairs line up.
148
At the end of meiosis I, each daughter cell contains _____ DNA molecules.
46
149
Mitosis is the process for making _____ cells.
somatic
150
The spindle fibers are manufactured by the
centrioles
151
During _____ of mitosis the duplicated chromosomes are lined-up single file.
metaphase
152
\_\_\_\_\_ cells contain exactly half of the number of chromosomes of the parent cells.
Haploid
153
How many DNA molecules are present in each human cell at the end of interphase?
92
154
The portion of the cell cycle that includes G1-S-G2 is known as
interphase.
155
Which of the following occurs during prophase of mitosis?
all of these
crossing-over
chromatids condense
separation of sister chromatids
formation of a new cell wall
DNA replication
chromatids condense
156
A _____ is a condensed chromosome.
chromatid
157
A(n) _____ is the information to make a single protein.
gene
158
A _____ produces a functional protein and results in a physical trait.
dominant allele
159
Two chromosomes that are of the same type, but not identical, are known as _____ chromosomes.
homologous
160
If you have a plant with a dominant trait, but you do not know anything about the parent plants, what would be the BEST way to determine the genotype of this plant?
Cross it with a plant expressing the recessive trait.
161
Which of the following statements is correct about dominant traits?
they are the most prevalent trait in a species
they only occur when a functional protein is being made
they can change from one generation to the next
they always occur in offspring of just one dominant parent
they can come from either dominant or recessive alleles
they only occur when a functional protein is being made
162
We use the word 'allele' to refer to
different forms of a particular gene
163
A person with a heterozygous genotype would have
both a dominant allele and a recessive allele.
164
Which of the following essentially describes Mendel's first principle?
recessive genes skip generations
a dominant trait in one generation can be recessive in another generation
each gamete gets one copy of each gene
dominant traits affect all members of a family
traits come from separate sets of genes
each gamete gets one copy of each gene
165
The process of _____ mixes alleles in order to make different genetic combinations in gametes.
crossing-over
166
During _____ homologous chromatid pairs are pulled away from each other.
anaphase I
167
The process of _____ splits the cytoplasm of one cell into two separate cells.
cytokinesis
168
If two individuals with the genotypes Tt and Tt are mated, what proportion of their offspring would have the dominant trait?
3/4
169
Person A has a dominant trait and person B has a recessive trait.
They mate and half of their offspring have the recessive trait. What genotype is possible for person A?
Tt only
170
Person A has a dominant trait and person B has a recessive trait. They mate and half of their offspring have the recessive trait. What genotype is possible for person B?
tt only
171
Person A has a dominant trait and person B has a recessive trait. They mate and half of their offspring have the recessive trait. What genotype is possible for their offspring with the DOMINANT trait?
Tt only
172
If you have a plant with a dominant trait, but you do not know anything about the parent plants, what would be the BEST way to determine the genotype of this plant?
cross it with a plant expressing the recessive trait
there is no way to determine the genotype without the parents
cross it with another plant expressing the dominant trait
cross it with itself
Cross it with a plant expressing the recessive trait.
173
If you cross two plants, where both plants show the dominant phenotype for **_two traits_**, what proportion of their offspring would have _one recessive_ trait and _one dominant trait_?
6/16
174
If a woman has sex-linked trait, such as color-blindedness, all of the following must be true, except
all her daughters must carry the recessive allele
her father must be color-blind
all her sons would have the trait
all her children would have the trait
her mother must carry the recessive allele
all her children would have a trait.
175
If both parents have a trait, and 3/4 of their children do NOT have the trait, what kind of trait is this?
dominant
176
If neither parent has a particular trait, and all of their children have that trait, what kind of trait is this?
recessive
177
Both parents are heterozygous for a particular trait. What percentage of their offspring would be homozygous recessive?
1/4
178
In some plants, the genotype BB produces black flowers, bb produces white flowers, and Bb produces grey flowers. This trait would be an example of
incomplete dominance
179
One of the major sources of genetic diversity is \_\_\_\_\_, which occurs during the early stages of meiosis.
crossing-over
180
If a man has a sex-linked trait, which of the following MUST be true?
All of his daughters will carry the trait.
181
Which of the following represents an idea that Darwin learned from the writings of Thomas Malthus?
all species are fixed in the form in which they are created
populations tend to increase at a faster rate than their food supply normally allows
earth changed over the years through a serise of catastrophic upheavals
the environment is responsible for natural selection
earth is more than 10,000 years old
populations tend to increase at a faster rate than their food supply normally allows
182
\_\_\_\_\_ occurs when two functional, yet different, versions of a specific gene are inherited.
Codominance
183
Which of the following occurs during S phase of mitosis?
The chromosomes are replicated.
184
When is meiosis II completed in human females?
Only when a sperm penetrates the ovum.
185
Charles Darwin concluded that species arose due to the 'survival of the fittest.' What did he mean by 'fittest'?
Those best able to get food, reproduce or avoid predators.
186
Which of these is the correct biological definition of the term 'evolution'?
change in the appearance of more than one individual
becoming better with each generation
change in the genetic makeup of a population
the theory for the origin of life on earth
the genetic relationship of all organisms
change in the genetic makeup of a population
187
If a child has blood type AB, what blood type would be impossible for the father?
O
188
The final division of the cytoplasm, resulting in two independent cells, is called
cytokinesis.
189
In humans, mitosis produces \_\_\_\_\_, whereas meiosis produces \_\_\_\_\_.
somatic cells : gametes
190
Sister chromatids are lined up single-file during which of the following?
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
cytokinesis
metaphase
191
The chromatids are connected at the region known as the
centromere
192
We have defined a sex-linked trait as
a recessive trait whose gene is on the X chromosome.
193
Many of the cells in our body are in _____ of the cell cycle, where they are not trying to divide, but are fully functional.
G0 phase
194
Two plants have the genotype AaBb. What proportion of their offspring would have both recessive traits?
1/16
195
For organisms to be members of the same species, what must be true?
They must be able to produce fertile offspring.
196
Mendel's set of experiments essentially proved that
different traits are not linked.
197
All members of a family are homozygous recessive for the same gene, but each has a different trait from this gene. This would be called
pleiotropy
198
\_\_\_\_\_ is the failure of chromatids to separate during meiosis, resulting in an incorrect number of chromosomes in a gamete.
Nondisjunction
199
Which of the following is the genetic basis for Klinefelter syndrome?
XO
XXX
XXY
XYY
All of these
XXY
200
Which of the following would produce a child with Klinfelter syndrome?
nondisjunction in meiosis I in the male, joined to a normal egg
nondisjunction in meiosis II in the male, joined to a normal egg
nondisjunction in meiosis I in the female, joined to a sperm carrying the X chromosome
nondisjunction in meiosis II in the female, joined to a sperm carrying the X chromosome
more than one of these
nondisjunction in meiosis I in the male, joined to a normal egg
201
The gene for a particular trait is found on chromosome 1, but the trait is MUCH more pronounced in females than in males. This would be an example of a(n) \_\_\_\_\_.
sex-influenced trait
202
For male humans, how many DNA molecules are present in each cell at the end of meiosis?
23
203
Which of the following is the genetic basis for Down syndrome?
trisomy 18
multiple alleles
more than one Barr body
heterozygous dominant
trisomy 21
trisomy 21
204
The concept that changes in nature occur at a slow, but constant rate was proposed by
Lyell
205
Which of the following is true regarding Charles Darwin?
he attended medical school
he studied to become a minister
his family was very wealthy and prestigious
his theory of natural selection explains how speciation occurs
he was not the first person to challenge 'fixity of species'
all of these are ture
all are true
206
Why are most trisomy combinations in humans usually lethal?
The cell cannot properly regulate extra copies of genes
207
Single traits that are found with several different degrees of expression, such as eye color or height, are the result of
continuous variation
208
When females in a population prefer particular traits in males, changes can result in the population. This phenomenon is called
sexual selection.
209
If one set of genes is controlled by a different set of genes, this is called
epistasis
210
Homologous chromosomes are lined up double-file during which phase?
Metaphase I
211
Who first demonstrated that all species are related to each other in a Great Chain of Being?
Aristotle
212
\_\_\_\_\_ was one of the first to suggest that species change into other species, but proposed the concept of 'use and disuse' as the mechanism for change.
Lamarck
213
Which of the following is the generic basis for Turner syndrome?
XO
XYY
XXX
XXY
YO
XO
214
The mechanism for the formation of new species proposed by Darwin is called \_\_\_\_\_.
natural selection
215
Overall, complete meiosis in human females produces
an egg and three polar bodies.
216
Sister chromatids are pulled into opposite poles of the cell by
spindle fibers.
