Test three

Question 1

Punisher

Answer 1

a contingent consequence that decreases the future probability of a behavior below its pre-punishment level

Question 2

Punishment

Answer 2

the process or procedure whereby a punisher decreases the future probability of an operant response

Question 3

Positive Punishment

Answer 3

the contingent presentation of a consequence that decreases the future probability of the behavior below its no-punishment level

Question 4

Negative Punishment

Answer 4

the contingent removal, reduction, or prevention of a reinforcer: the effect of which decreases the future probability of the behavior before its no-punishment level

Question 5

six characteristics of effective punishment

Answer 5

1. focus on reinforcement first
2. combine punishment with extinction and/or differential reinforcement
3. deliver punishers immediately
4. deliver punishment contingently
5. punish every time
6. use a punisher in the goldilocks zone

Question 6

Primary Punisher

Answer 6

a contingent consequence that functions as a punisher because, in the evolutionary past of the species, this consequence decreased the chances of survival

Question 7

Conditioned Punisher

Answer 7

a contigent consequence that signals a delay reduction to a backup punisher

Question 8

Timeout from positive reinforcement

Answer 8

a signaled response-contigent suspension of a positive-reinforcement contingency, the effect of which decreases the future likelihood of a problem behavior

Question 9

Response cost punishers

Answer 9

negative punishers that involove the removal or reduction of a reinforcer

Question 10

Mentalistic expressions of behavior

Answer 10

such explanations put the cause of behavior in the individuals vaguely defined “mind”

Question 11

Motivation Operation (MO)

Answer 11

an environmental and or biological event that (1) temporarily alters the value of a specific reinforcer anfd (2) increases/decreases the probabilityu of behaviors yielding that reinforcer

Question 12

establishing Operation (EO)

Answer 12

an environmental and/or biological event that (1) temporarily increases the value of a specific reinforcer and (2) increases operant behaviors that produce the reinforcer

Question 13

Preference Hierarchy

Answer 13

a list of stimuli rank-ordered from most to least preferred

Question 14

four dimensions of effeective reinforcers a

Answer 14

contingency, size, quality, and immediacy

Question 15

Habits

Answer 15

operant behavior that (1) is evoked by antecedent stimuli and (2) persists despite the imposition of an AO

Question 16

Discriminated operant behavior

Answer 16

OB that is systematically influenced by antecedent stimuli

Question 17

Discriminative Stimulus (S^D)

Answer 17

antecedent stimulus that can evoke a specific operant response because the individual has learned that when SD is present, that response will be reinforced

Question 18

S^∆

Answer 18

an antecedent stimulus that decreases a sspecific operant response becauses the individual has learned that when the S^∆ is present, that response will not be reinforced (extinction)

Question 19

S^DP

Answer 19

an antecedent stimulus that decreases a specific operant response because the individual has learned that when the S^DP is present, that response will be punished

Question 20

Three-term Contingency

Answer 20

functional relation between antecedent, behavior, and consequence

Question 21

discrimination training

Answer 21

procedure in which an operant response is reinforced in the presence of an S^D and extinguished in the presence of an S^∆

Question 22

Generalization

Answer 22

novel stimulus resembling the S^D evokes the response, despite that response never having been reinforced in the presence of that novel stimulus

Question 23

Stimulus response chain

Answer 23

fixed sequence of operant responses, each evoked by a response-produced S^D

Question 24

task analysis (teaching response chain)

Answer 24

precise specification of the sequence of antecedents, responses, and consequences that comprise a stimulus-response chain

Question 25

backwards chaining

Answer 25

the final link in the stimulus-response chain is taught first and then added in reverse order

Question 26

Forward chaining

Answer 26

teaching links in the order they will need to be emitted

Question 27

prompt

Answer 27

an antecedent stimulus that facilitates or guides the desired response when it is not happening under appropriate discriminative-stimulus control

Question 28

Fading

Answer 28

gradual removal of a prompt as the response is increasingly emitted under discriminative stimulus control

Question 29

Choice

Answer 29

voluntary behavior occuring in a context in which alternative behaviors are possible

Question 30

four variables affecting choice

Answer 30

1. reinforcement vs no consequence 2. reinforcer size/quality 3. effort 4. reinforcer delay

Question 31

substitute reinforcers

Answer 31

reinforcer that is increasingly consumed when access to another reinforcer is constrained

Question 32

Positively increase behavior using H law

Answer 32

increase R1, decrease R2

Question 33

decrease undesired behavior using H law

Answer 33

decreaase R2, increase R1

Question 34

Impulsive choice

Answer 34

picking smaller-sooner reward and foregoing the larger-later reward

Question 35

Self-control choice

Answer 35

choosing larger-later reward and foregoing the smaller-sooner reward

Question 36

Skinner functional taxonomy

Answer 36

Echoic, Mand, tact, and intraverbal

Question 37

Echoic

Answer 37

verbal operant in which the response resembles the verbal antecedent stimulus and is maintained with a variety of socially mediated reainforcers (repeat what someone else just said)

Question 38

Mand

Answer 38

verbal operant occasioned by an establishing operation and maintianed by the verbally specified reinforcer ( asking for something that will satisfy need)

Question 39

Tact

Answer 39

verbal operant occassioned by a nonverbal stimuluss and maintained by a variety of social reinforcers ( said in the presence of object)

Question 40

Intraverbal

Answer 40

verbal response occcasioned by verbal discriminative stimulus, but the form of the response does not resemble that stimulus; maintained by a variety of social reinforcers ( how are you; im good)

Question 41

equivalence

Answer 41

individual relates all of stimuli in many ways as equivalent to one another

Question 42

Rule governed behavior

Answer 42

behavior influenced by a verbal description of the operative three-term contingency

Question 43

Pliance

Answer 43

rule-governed behavior occuring because of socially mediated positive or negative reinforcers

Question 44

Tracking

Answer 44

rule following occurring because the inssstructions appear to correctly describe operant contingencies that operate in the world

Question 45

Acceptance

Answer 45

approaching the thought, so as to examine it flexibility, with a senses of curiousity