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Biochem > Test Three Lipids > Flashcards

Test Three Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

Three types of lipids

A

Storage, membrane and signaling

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2
Q

General definition of lipid

A

Organic molecules that are characterized by low solubility in water (hydrophobic)

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3
Q

Function of lipids

A

Storage of energy, insulation, water repellant, buoyancy control, acoustics, membrane structure, cofactors of enzymes, signaling molecules, pigments and antioxidants

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4
Q

What are the two examples of lipids that provide pigment

A

Canthaxanthin and zeaxanthin

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5
Q

General formula of fatty acids

A

R-COOH where R is hydrocarbon chain

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6
Q

What is pKa of fatty acids

A

4.5 to 5

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7
Q

Almost all natural fatty acids have what number of carbons

A

Even

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8
Q

Are most natural fatty acids branched or unbranched

A

Unbranched

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9
Q

What are saturated FA

A

No double bonds between carbons

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10
Q

What are monounsaturated FA

A

One double bond between carbons

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11
Q

What are polyunsaturated FA

A

More than one double bond between carbons

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12
Q

How many carbons in short FA chain

A

Two to four

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13
Q

How many carbons in medium chain of FA

A

6 to 12

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14
Q

How many carbons in long chain of FA

A

14 to 20

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15
Q

How many carbons in very long chain of FA

A

More than 22

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16
Q

What are the two essential fatty acids

A

Linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid

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17
Q

What is C1 in FA

A

Carboxyl carbon

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18
Q

What is C2 in FA

A

The alpha carbon

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19
Q

What is the last carbon of FA called

A

Omega C or methyl C

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20
Q

How are essential FA named

A

Count from omega end

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21
Q

What is nomenclature of linoleate

A

C18:2

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22
Q

Nomenclature of linolenate

A

18:3

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23
Q

Essential FA are the precursors of

A

Eicosanoids

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24
Q

What are the two classes of EFAs

A

Omega 3 and omega 6

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25
Q

What is the FA in omega 3

A

Alpha-linolenic acid

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26
Q

What are the two EFAs that come from alpha-linolenic acid

A

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicoapentaenoic acid (EPA)

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27
Q

What is the EFA of omega 6

A

Linoleic acid

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28
Q

What EFAs come from linoleic acid

A

Arachidonic acid

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29
Q

What EFA is the precursor of eicosanoids

A

Arachidonic acid

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30
Q

Saturated chain of FAs tend to adopt what form

A

Extended confirmations

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31
Q

The double bonds in natural unsaturated FAs are in what configuration

A

Cis

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32
Q

Unsaturated cis fatty acids melting point

A

Low

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33
Q

It takes less thermal energy to disrupt disordered packing of what fatty acid

A

Unsaturated

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34
Q

Long chain fatty acids contain at least how many carbons

A

12

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35
Q

Are saturated long chain FA liquid or solid at RT

A

Solid

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36
Q

What is melting point of saturate long chain FA

A

70c

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37
Q

Are unsaturated long chain FA solid or liquid at RT

A

Liquid

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38
Q

Melting temp of unsaturated long chain FA

A

13c

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39
Q

Is saturated LC-FAs extensive or less extensive favorable interactions

A

Extensive

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40
Q

Essential fatty acids are what type of unsaturated FAs

A

Polyunsaturated

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41
Q

Trans fatty acids form by

A

Partial hydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids

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42
Q

Reason for hydrogenation of trans FAs

A

Increase shelf life or stability at high temps of PUFAs

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43
Q

What allows a fatty acid to adopt an extended conformation

A

Trans double bond

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44
Q

What can pack more regularly and show higher melting temps than Cis fatty acids

A

Trans fatty acids

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45
Q

Consuming trans fats increases risk of

A

Cardiovascular disease

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46
Q

What are free fatty acids

A

Unesterfied fatty acids

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47
Q

Examples of storage lipids

A

Triacylglycerols and triglycerides

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48
Q

Examples of membrane lipids

A

Phospholipids and glycolipids

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49
Q

Examples of phospholipids

A

Glycerophopholipids and sphingolipids

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50
Q

Examples of glycolipids

A

Cerebroside, globosides, and gangliosides

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51
Q

Sugar that is in cerbroside

A

Glucose or galactose

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52
Q

Sugar in globosides

A

Di, tri, or tetrasaccharide

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53
Q

Sugar in gangliosides

A

Seven sugar residues (oligosaccharide)

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54
Q

Are triacylglycerols polar or nonpolar

A

Nonpolar

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55
Q

Solid triacylglycerols are called

A

Fats

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56
Q

Liquid triacylglycerols are called

A

Oils

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57
Q

Why are triacylglycerols less soluble in water than FAs

A

Lack of charged carboxylate group

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58
Q

What is the backbone in triacylglycerols

A

Glycerol

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59
Q

Why do FAs carry more energy per carbon

A

They are more reduced

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60
Q

Why do FAs carry less water per gram

A

They are nonpolar

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61
Q

What makes structural lipids in membranes polar

A

Contain polar head groups

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62
Q

Where does diversification come from in structural lipids in membranes

A

Modifying a different backbone, changing FAs and modifying head groups

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63
Q

What determines the surface properties of membranes

A

Properties of head groups

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64
Q

What is the primary constituents of cell membranes

A

Glycerophospholipids

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65
Q

What are glycerophospholipids

A

Two fatty acids form ester linkages with the first and second hydroxyl groups of L-glycerol-3-phosphate

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66
Q

What is the charge of the head group of glycerophospholipids

A

Physiological pH

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67
Q

What linkage is used in glycerophospholipids

A

Ester

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68
Q

What fatty acids are in glycerophospholipids

A

Unsaturated FAs

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69
Q

The highly polar phosphate group in glycerophospholipids may be further esterfied by

A

Alcohol

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70
Q

What are some common alcohols in GPL

A

Serine, ethanolamine, choline, glycerol, inositol

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71
Q

Phosphoatidylserine GPL is made of

A

Serine and phosphatidate

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72
Q

What GPL is used for blood clotting and signal for apoptic cell for clearance

A

Phosphatidylserine

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73
Q

What is phosphatidylcholine made of

A

Choline and phosphatidate

74
Q

What GPL is also called lecithin

A

Phosphatidylcholine

75
Q

What GPL is a lung surfactant

A

Phosphatidylcholine

76
Q

What is phosphatidylethanolamine made of

A

Ethanolamine and phosphatidate

77
Q

What GPL is the substrate of posttranslational modification and precursor for PC

A

Phosphatidylethanolamine

78
Q

What is phosphatidylinositol made of

A

Inositol and phosphatidate

79
Q

What GPL is used for cell signaling, membrane transport and regulation, cytokinesis and organelle function

A

Phosphatidylinositol

80
Q

What is cardiolipin made of

A

Glycerol and two phosphatidate

81
Q

What GPL is the predominant lipid of the inner membrane of mitochondria which houses ETC complexes

A

Cardiolipin

82
Q

What linkage is used in platelets-activating factor

A

Ether linked alkene

83
Q

What has esterfied C2 in platelets activating factor

A

Acetic acid

84
Q

What lipid stimulates aggregation of blood platelets and plays a role in mediation of inflammation

A

Platelets activating factor

85
Q

What type of linkage is in plasmalogens

A

Ether linked Alkene

86
Q

What lipid is present in the heart, brain and bone

A

Plasmalogens

87
Q

What lipid has a role in protecting against oxidative stress, membrane phase modulation and signal transduction

A

Plasmalogens

88
Q

What is the back bone of sphingolipids

A

Long chain amino alcohol sphingosine

89
Q

How is a FA linked to sphingosine

A

Amide linkage

90
Q

How is the polar head linked to a sphingosine

A

Glycosidic or phosphodiester linkage

91
Q

Where are glycosphingolipids found

A

Outer face of plasma membranes

92
Q

What are some examples of sphingolipids

A

Ceramide, sphingomyelin, glucosylcerbroside, globosides, ganglioside

93
Q

Head group of sphingomyelin

A

Phosphocholine

94
Q

Head group of ceramide

A

OH

95
Q

Head group of glucosylcerebroside

A

Glucose

96
Q

Head group of globoside

A

Di, tri, or tetrasaccharide

97
Q

Head group of ganglioside

A

Complex oligosaccharide

98
Q

Shingomyelin is made up of

A

Ceramide plus a phosphocholine attached to alcohol

99
Q

Where do you find sphingomyelin

A

In myelin sheath that surrounds some nerve cells

100
Q

Blood groups are determined by

A

Type of sugars located on the head group of glycosphingolipids

101
Q

The structure of sugar is determined by an expression of a specific

A

Glycosyltransferases

102
Q

O antigen uses what type of glycosyltransferase

A

No active

103
Q

A blood group has was type of glycosyltransferase

A

N-acetylgalactosamine

104
Q

B blood group has what glycosyltransferase

A

Galactose

105
Q

Which lipid stores more energy

A

Saturated FA

106
Q

Characteristics of trans FA

A

High melting point compared to cis

107
Q

Structure of triacylglycerols

A

Three FA tails esterfied to glycerol

108
Q

Where are triacylglyerides stored

A

Adipose tissue as lipid droplets

109
Q

What type of group and linkage is seen at C2 of ether lipids

A

Acetyl-ester

110
Q

What is the defency in tay-Sachs disease

A

HEXA gene and cant produce enzyme Beta-hexosaminidase A

111
Q

What builds up in tay-Sachs disease

A

GM2 gangliosides accumulate in brain causing mental retardation and decrease motor skills

112
Q

What is the enzyme deficiency in Niemann pick disease

A

Sphingomyelinase

113
Q

What molecule gets accumulated in niemann-pick disease

A

Sphingomyelin

114
Q

Structure of cholesterol

A

Presence of 4 steroid rings but has OH attached at C3

115
Q

Is cholesterol hydrophilic or phobic

A

Hydrophobic

116
Q

Cholesterol is found in

A

Biological membranes

117
Q

Function of cholesterol

A

Maintains membrane rigidity and fluidity

118
Q

Cholesterol is the precursor for

A

Vitamin D, steroid hormones and bile salts

119
Q

What is the circulating form of cholesterol

A

Cholesterol esters

120
Q

What are cholesterol esters

A

Cholesterol that is esterfied with fatty acid

121
Q

What digests TAGs

A

Pancreatic lipases

122
Q

What is the inactive form of pancreatic lipase

A

Zymogen

123
Q

What activates zymogen

A

Trypsin

124
Q

Function of pancreatic lipase

A

Breakdown triglyceride to monoglycerides

125
Q

Function of bile salts

A

Emulsify lipids before and after digestion

126
Q

Example of bile salt

A

Glycocholate

127
Q

Where is glycocholate produced

A

Liver

128
Q

Where is glycocholate stored and secreted

A

Gallbladder

129
Q

Substrate of pancreatic lipase

A

triacylglycerols

130
Q

Product of pancreatic lipase

A

2 FA + 2 monoacylglerols

131
Q

Substrate of phospholipase A2

A

Phospholipids

132
Q

Products of phospholipase A2

A

FA + 2-lysosome-PL

133
Q

Substrate of cholesterol ester hydrolase

A

Cholesteryl esters

134
Q

Products of cholesteryl ester hydrolase

A

FA + free cholesterol

135
Q

Path of TAG from lumen to mucosal cell

A

Pancreatic lipase breaks down TAG into FA and Monoacylglycerols that then can pass membrane and will form back into TAG that then is packed in chylomicrons to lymph system

136
Q

Function of lipoprotein particle (chylomicrons)

A

Vesicles, transport lipids from site of synthesis to destination site

137
Q

Lipoprotein particle contains

A

Unesterified cholesterol, phospholipid, cholesteryl ester and Apop B-100

138
Q

What plasma lipoprotein has the lowest density

A

Chylomicron

139
Q

What plasma lipoprotein has the highest density

A

High density lipoprotein

140
Q

What plasma lipoprotein has the smallest diameter

A

High density lipoprotein

141
Q

What plasma lipoprotein has the largest diameter

A

Chylomicron

142
Q

What plasma lipoproteins contain apolipoprotein B100

A

Very low density lipoprotein, intermediate density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein

143
Q

What lipoprotein is a dietary fat transport

A

Chylomicron

144
Q

What lipoprotein is an endogenous fat transport

A

Very low density lipoprotein

145
Q

What lipoprotein is an LDL precursor

A

Intermediate density lipoprotein

146
Q

What lipoprotein is a cholesterol transporter

A

Low density lipoprotein

147
Q

What lipoprotein is a reverse cholesterol transport

A

High density lipoprotein

148
Q

What lipoprotein contains the most TAG

A

Chylomicron

149
Q

What lipoprotein contains the most cholesteryl ester and free cholesterol

A

Low density lipoprotein

150
Q

What lipoprotein contains the most protein

A

High density lipoprotein

151
Q

Eicosanoids contain how many carbons

A

20

152
Q

Eicosanoids are derived from

A

Arachidonate

153
Q

Steroid hormones are derived from

A

Cholesterol

154
Q

Examples of eicosanoid hormones

A

Prostaglandins, thromboxanes and Leukotrienes

155
Q

How are eicosanoid hormones generated from arachidonic acid

A

Phospholipase A2

156
Q

Phospholipase A2 cleaves what

A

USFA at C2 esterfied FA

157
Q

Role of eicosanoid hormone

A

Mediators of inflammation, fever, allergic response, smooth muscle contraction, platelet aggregation

158
Q

Structure of prostaglandins

A

Five membered ring

159
Q

Function of prostaglandins

A

Mediate inflammation and fever

160
Q

Structure of thromboxanes

A
  1. Membered ring
161
Q

Function of thromboxanes

A

Stimulate aggregation of platelets; stimulate clotting

162
Q

Structure of leukotrienes

A

Linear molecules

163
Q

Function of leukotrienes

A

Mediate allergic response mediators, inflammation, smooth muscle contraction in lungs

164
Q

Examples of specialized pro-resolving mediators

A

Resolvins, protectins and maresins

165
Q

What is the omega three precursors of specialized pro-resolving mediators

A

DHA and EPA

166
Q

Function of specialized pro-resolving mediators

A

Counter regulate inflammation process by inhibition of release of pro inflammatory cytokines, removal of neutrophils, removal of cell debris and microbial invaders, stimulate wound healing and tissue regeneration

167
Q

Examples of steroid hormones made from cholesterol

A

Cortisol, testosterone and estradiol

168
Q

Precursor of cholesterol steroid hormones

A

Pregnenolone

169
Q

What is the intermediate which generates corticosteroids and androgens and estrogens

A

Progestagens

170
Q

What is the precursor molecule of vitamin D synthesis

A

Cholesterol

171
Q

Cholesterol steroid hormones travel how

A

Through blood stream

172
Q

Function of vitamin D

A

Mineral homeostasis

173
Q

Site of action of vitamin D

A

Bones, intestine , and kidney

174
Q

Site of synthesis of vitamin D

A

Skin

175
Q

Number of carbons in isoprene

A

Five

176
Q

What isoprene derived bioactive molecule is an antioxidant

A

Vitamin E

177
Q

What isoprene derived bioactive molecule is a blood clotting cofactors

A

Vitamin K

178
Q

What isoprene derived bioactive molecule is a blood anticoagulant

A

Warfarin

179
Q

What isoprene derived bioactive molecule is a mitochondrial electron carrier

A

Ubiquinone

180
Q

What isoprene derived bioactive molecule is a chloroplast electron carrier

A

Plastoquinone

181
Q

What isoprene derived bioactive molecule is a sugar carrier

A

Dolichol

Biochem (7 decks)

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