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Test tomoz Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Is this a directional or non directional hypothesis?

There will be a difference in how much the participant speaks after drinking cola and before drinking cola

A

non directinal

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2
Q

Is this a directional or non directional hypothesis?

Participants will talk more after drinking cola then before drinking cola

A

directional

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3
Q

When are directional hypoteses used

A

when previous research suggest a particular outcome

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4
Q

Operationalise the variables for :

Participants will talk more after drinking cola then before drinking cola

A

Participants will talk 2x more after drinking 100gs of cola then before drinking 100gs of cola

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5
Q

State the independant variable:

Participants will talk more after drinking cola then before drinking cola

A

Weather the participant has or has not drunk cola

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6
Q

What should influence the DV

A

the IV

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7
Q

What are extreneous variables

A

Any other thing that could potentially effect the DV, steps should be taken to minimise its effect, many such as age of participant are easy to control

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8
Q

What are confounding variables

A

they vary with the IV, having a second unintended IV such as personality

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9
Q

What are demand characteristics?

A

clues given to help the participant understand what is going on

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10
Q

How many participants change their behaviour in an experiment

A

Please U

Screw U

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11
Q

What is an investigator effect

A

The effect of the investigators behaviour on the research outcome such as smiling more in one group

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12
Q

What is randomisation

A

The use of chance in order to control the effects of bias

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13
Q

What is standardization

A

Using exactly the same procedures and instructions for all participants

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14
Q

Name the types of experimental design

A

Independent groups, repeated measures and matched pairs

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15
Q

What is the independent groups design

A

two sperate groups experience two different conditions. They do not experience both conditions

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16
Q

what is the repeated measures design

A

all participants experience both conditions

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17
Q

What is the matched pairs design

A

participants are matched on relevant pieces of information for example IQ, age, height and then put into different groups who experience different conditions

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18
Q

Advantages of independent design

A

Avoids order effect

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19
Q

negatives of Independant desing

A

participant variables can distort result - dealt with by using random allocation
Less expensive

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20
Q

Advantages of repeated measures design

A

no participant variables

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21
Q

disadvantages of repeated measures design

A

repeated measures effect - dealt with using counterbalancing, order acts as a confounding variable

Demand characteristics as it beco es easy to work out the study

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22
Q

what is counter balancing

A

A-B B-A

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23
Q

Advantages of matched pairs desing

A

avlids participant variables

No order effects or demand characteristics

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24
Q

Disadvantages of matched pairs desing

A

very expensive

Difficult

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25
What are the types of experiments
laboratory, quasi, natural, field
26
what is a lab experiment
experiment conducted in a very highly controlled setting. Does not have to be in a lab could be a classroom etc
27
what is a field experiment
an experiment which takes place in a more natural setting
28
advantages of a lab experiment
High level of control over variables Can do cause and effect Replication is easier
29
disadvantages of a lab experiment
control causes an artificial setting so does not have much mundane realism Higher chance of investigator and participant effects Very expensive and time consuming
30
Advantages of a field experiment
IV can be manipulated so can understand cause and effect | Closer to real life findings
31
disadvantages of a field experiment
no control of exrrenous variables Cause and effect difficult to establish Replication hard to do Ethical issues
32
What is a natural experiment
A natural experiment where change in the iv os not brought about by the researcher and would of happened even if the researcher was not there
33
what is a quasi experiment
A quasi experiment where the Iv has not been established and the variables just exist such as being old or young or eye colour
34
advantages of a natural experiment
Provides more opportunities for research | High external validity
35
disadvantages of a natural experiment
May only happen very rarely Limits the scope for generalising findings to other situations Less sure if the IV affects the DV
36
Advantages of a quasi experiment
Same as a lab experiment - High level of control over variables Can do cause and effect Replication is easier
37
disadvantages of a quasi experiment
cannot randomly allocate participants to conditions so may be confounding variables
38
What is a true experiment
One where the IV can be changed and is under control of the researcher
39
List the true experimetns
lab and field
40
What are the non true experiments
natural and quasi
41
What is sampling
Sampling is a portion that is representative of a whole population who take part in an investigations which are drawn from a target population
42
When is sampling done
If its too expensive or the group is too large to test them all
43
What is oppertunity sampling
Participants are used who are available at the time as long as they meet the criteria and agree to take part
44
Advantages of opportunity sampling
convenient | saves time effort and money
45
negatives of opportunity sampling
two forms of bias: unrepresentative of target populations as it is drawn from a certain area at a certain time so findings cant be generalised researcher has complete control of who they approach and may not avoid some people , researcher bias
46
What is random sampling
every member of your target audience have an equal chance of being selected
47
advantages of random sampling
no bias
48
disadvantages of random sampling
difficult and rime consuming complete list of target population may be hard to obtain still possible to not be representative as some participants may refuse to take part
49
What is stratified sampling
participants are obtained from each strata of their occurrence in a population
50
Advantages of stratified sampling
avoids bias | representative so generalisation of findings become possible
51
disadvantages of stratified sampling
cannot reflect the ways people are different so complete representation of the target group is not possible
52
What are the types of sampling
random, opportunity, stratified, volunteer, systematic
53
What is systematic sampling
every nth member of a target population is selected
54
Advantages of systematic sampling
Avoids researcher bias | fairly representative
55
Disadvantages of systematic sampling
can still be bias
56
What is volunteer sampling
participant offer to take part
57
Advantages of volunteer sampling
easy little effort less time consuming
58
negatives of volunteer sampling
volunteer bias
59
What are ethical issues
they arise when theyres a conflict between the participants rights and the aim of the study
60
What are the practises that raise ethical issues
``` Informed consent deception protection from harm privacy confidentiality right to wishdraw ```
61
What is informed consent
revealing full the details of the study that could change their mind but not changing the study, consent can be withdrawn at any time, may make the study meaningless
62
What is deception
Can be necessary to with hold some information such as the aims, can deliberatly provide false information, prevents informed consent, might damage researchers reputation, only allowed if research is important, sometimes can be harmless
63
what is protection from harm
difficult to predict outcome of studies on people but the risk that participants face should not be at any more then what they would suffer on a daily, debriefing is important
64
what is privacy
not asking too personal questions so not invasive
65
Confidentiality
keeping people info such as there names a secret
66
right to withdraw
can happen at any time but it could bias the study
67
what is the cost benefit analsysis
are the costs (money and general) larger or smaller then the benefits of the study
68
What are the types of consent
Presumptive, retrospective and prior general
69
what is presumptive consent
asking a similar group to the participants if the study is acceptable
70
what is retrospective consent
participants are asked for their consent after the study
71
What is prior general consent
participants are asked for consent on a number of studies one of them being deception
72
why is debriefing important
it is a way to deal with ethical issues

psychology (3 decks)

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