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Test Two Flashcards

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1
Q

Photobiomodulation

A

Photochemical effect from absorption of photons of lights by cells

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2
Q

Photobiostimulation

A

Lower doses of laser

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3
Q

Photobioinhibition

A

Higher doses of laser

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4
Q

Chromophore

A

Molecules that accept energy from photons

Ex: cytochrome

Trigger biochemical reactions

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5
Q

Cellular mechanisms of LLLT

A

Change in Na-K channel
Increase intracellular Ca
Increased Ca affects nucleotides that modulate DNA/cell proliferation

Aka biostimulation

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6
Q

Photobiostimulation

A

Chaim of chemical reactions is triggered by exposure to light

Causes change in oxidation/reduction leading to increased ATP synthesis and Na-K pump increased permeability to calcium

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7
Q

Primary effects of photobiostimulation

A

Due to direct interaction of photons with cytochromes

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8
Q

Secondary effect of photobiostimulation

A

Induced by primary effects in the same cell the photons produced primary affects

Cell proliferation, protein synthesis, degranulation, GF secretion, NT modification

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9
Q

Tertiary effects of photobiostimulation

A

Indirect responses of distant cells to changes in other cells that had direct contact with photons

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10
Q

Primary, secondary and tertiary evens summate to produce what>

A

Photo therapeutic activity

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11
Q

LLLT used for what?

A

Pain management
Tendinopathy management
Wound management

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12
Q

What class are therapeutic lasers

A

IIIb

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13
Q

What lasers can damage eyes

A

3a/3b

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14
Q

Wavelength of therapeutic lasers 3b

A

5-500mW

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15
Q

Contraindications of LLLT

A 
Cancer
Pregnancy
Eyes
Active hemorrhage
Open wounds unless with clear barrier
Epileptic patients
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16
Q

Super pulsed laser for LLLT

A

Higher peak power with less thermal effect

  • more direct energy to target tissues
  • safer and better
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17
Q

Lower range of frequencies for LLLT are termed what

A

Biostimulatory

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18
Q

Arndt Schultz principle

A

Biological reactions are not only dictated by dose but at rate which energy is delivered

Under 500Hz: stimulators
Over 500Hz: inhibitory

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19
Q

Phototherapy

A

Use of artificial UV light for therapeutic purposes

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20
Q

Photochemical effect

A

Use of artificial UC light with a chemical photosensitizing agent for therapeutic purpose

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21
Q

Minimal erythema dose

A

Faint redness 24 hours after treatment for ultraviolet therapy

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22
Q

What’s another way you can measure dose for UV therapy

A

Fitzpatricks skin phototype

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23
Q

Established indications for UV therapy

A

Psoriasis
Atopic dermatitis
Vitiligo
My oasis fungoides

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24
Q

Contraindications of UV therapy

A 
Eye
Malignant skin
Melanoma history
SLE, porphyrias, Pellagra sarcoidosis, HSV
active TB
Kidney, cardiac or liver diseases
Hyperthyroidism
DM
Acute eczema or dermatitis
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25
Photosensitizing drugs
Antibacterial/microbial -tetracycline, sulfonamides, griseofulvin Thiazide diuretics Other: phenothiazines, psoralens, sulfonylureas, diphenhydramine (Benadryl)-antihistamine
26
Conduction
Direct contact Heat/cold applied directly to skin - hydrocollator - paraffin bath
27
Convection
Air/water particles move across part causing heating or cooling - whirlpool - fluidotherapy
28
Radiation
Transfer of heat from a warmer surface to a cooler through air or vacuum -infrared lamp
29
Conversion
Heat generated from another energy form - ultrasound - diathermy
30
Effects of thermotherapy
Pain relief Spasm reduction Increased mobility -decreased joint viscosity, decreased viscoelasticity of muscle, tendon, and ligaments
31
Conduction is what kind of heat
Moist heat
32
Convection is what type of heat
Dry heat
33
What type of thermotherapy good for myofascial pain
Shorter duration moist heat Ex: hot pack/paraffin bath
34
What type of thermotherapy is good for low back pain
Long duration low level heat
35
What may be better than ibuprofen at creating analgesic effect
Thermotherapy!
36
Indications for thermotherapy
Pain relief Muscle spasm RA OA
37
Contraindications of thermotherapy
``` Impaired heat sensation Malignancy Thrombophlebitis Hemorrhage Pregnant Acute inflammation/conditions Confused patients ```
38
How many layers used with hydrocollator pack
Silicate gel | 6-8 layers of terry cloth
39
Use of hydrotherapy
Cleansing and debridement of wounds
40
Temperature for whirlpool
86-100/30-38
41
For whirlpool, temperature of water must be ____ if size of treatment area is ___
Lower | Bigger
42
Temperature of paraffin bath
124-129 F (51-54C)
43
Indication for fluidotherapy
Chronic condition | Dry heat
44
Indication for infrared lamp
Skin conditions/sensitive skin with issues of pain, OA, RA, spasm
45
Inverse square law
Intensity varies with the inverse square of the distance between the bulb and the skin Double distance = 1/4 heat
46
Cosine law-reflection
Intensity of heat decreases with change from perpendicular
47
What phase do you use contrast bath
Subacute Able to transition from warm to cool etc. NOT GOOD FOR SWELLING
48
Topical counterirritants
Menthols from peppermint Methyl salicylate from wintergreen Camphor Capsaicin from hot peppers Ex: biofreeze, icy hot etc
49
What are thought to inhibit pain (fibers?)
A-delta | C-afferent
50
Evaporation of alcohol and menthol
Decrease skin temp | Stimulate cold receptors that compete for spinal pathways in pain
51
Rubbing (massage) stimulates large what?
Myelinated mechanoreceptors
52
That thermotheraies can be used for chronic conditions
``` Hydrocollator pack (158-169F) Warm whirlpool Fluidotherapy ```
53
Temperatures of hydrocollator pack
158-169F
54
What thermotherapy used for joint stiffness of hands/feet in OA
Paraffin bath
55
Cryokinetics
Combo of cold and exercise
56
Cold induced vasodilation
Increase in tissue temperature approx. 15 min into treatment and then alternates Hunting response
57
Indications of cryotherapy
Decrease pain Decreased blood flow and metabolism Protect injured tissue Decrease spasm
58
Contraindications to cryotherapy
``` Impaired cold sensation Cold induced urticaria Raynauds Cryoglobulinemia Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria Open wound Peripheral vascular disease Confused patients ```
59
Cryoglibinemia
Abnormal clumping of plasma proteins stimulated by cold application Skin discoloration/dyspnea Associated with MM, macroglobulimea, C. Liver disease, hepatitis, SLE etc
60
Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria
Cold temperatures activates antibodies to RBCs causing lysis Excess hemoglobin excreted causing dark urine andback pain Acute MC young, Chronic MC in old
61
Obesity and cryotherapy relationship
Extra insulation can freeze skin before removing any heat
62
Stages of sensation in cryotherapy
CBAN | Cold, burn, ache, numb
63
What tests are done before cryotherapy
Ice cube test and nail bed test
64
Does compression increase cooling?
Yes
65
Do you apply ice bags directly to skin? Gel packs?
Ice: yes Gel: no, single layer of wet towel to improve conduction and prevent frostbite, NO COMPRESSION WITH GEL
66
What are diasvantages to cold whirlpool
Cannot elevate part so not ideal fro acute situation
67
Thermopane
Whirlpool constant circulation prevents water water layer around body part
68
Ice massage best for what areas
Superficial and bony prominences and Tendon areas Desensitize trigger points
69
Vapocoolant spray
Superficial rapid cooling through evaporation but no temperature change below dermis
70
Indications of vapocoolant spray
Trigger points Muscle spasm Decreased ROM
71
Effects of vapocoolant sprays
Increase tolderance to motion/stretch
72
Contraindications of Ethyl chloride/fluoromethane vapocoolany spray
``` Allergy Open wound Post surgical Eyes Other cold contraindications plus indications to passive stretch ```
73
What has the largest physiological response to cold
Skin
74
Rewaarming vs cooling time periods
Should have 2x rewarming period than that of cooling
75
Physiological responses to cryotherapy
Decreased nerve conduction velocity and bombard CNS with cold signals Affect muscl spindle and GTO Decrease efferent signals Decreased pain interrupts Vasoconstriction..decreased flow...edema Decrease metabolism...less secondary injury Strength of contraction decreased
76
Cryokinetic
Active exercise during or after cryotherapy. Apply cold until numb, ROM exercise for 3-5min repeate up to 5x

Passive Care (7 decks)

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