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Nursing Theory IV A- Cindy'S Class > Test Two: Cardiac Dysrhythmias > Flashcards

Test Two: Cardiac Dysrhythmias Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

What is a dysrhythmia?

A

Abnormal cardiac rhythm
- Disorder of the formation or conduction of the electrical impulses in the heart

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2
Q

What are the three disturbances of dysrhythmias?

A
  1. rate
  2. rhythm
  3. both
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3
Q

What is used to diagnoses dysthymia’s?

A

ECG

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4
Q

What is the P wave in the conduction system of the heart?

A

depolarization of the atria

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5
Q

What is the Q, R, S wave in the conduction system of the heart?

A

depolarization of the ventricles

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6
Q

What is the T wave in the conduction system of the heart?

A

repolarization of the ventricles

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7
Q

What is the U wave in the conduction system of the heart?

A

may represent repolarization of the Purkinje fibres

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8
Q

What are five ways to evaluate dysrhythmias?

A
  1. Holter monitoring
  2. Event recorder monitoring
  3. Exercise treadmill testing
  4. Signal-averaged ECG
  5. Electrophysiological study (invasive)
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9
Q

What is ECG monitoring?

A

Graphic tracing of electrical impulses produced by the heart

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10
Q

What are some pt preparation that needs to be done before ECGs?

A
  • clip excessive hair on chest wall
  • rub skin with dry gauze
  • may need to use alcohol for oily skin
  • apply electrical conductor gel
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11
Q

What is telemetry monitoring?

A

a non-invasive, portable way to observe the HR and rhythm at a distant site
type types:
–> centralized monitoring system
–> sophisticated alarm system alerts when it detects dysrhythmias, schema, or infarction

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12
Q

What is a normal sinus rhythm?

A
  • sinus node fires 60-100bpm
  • follows normal conduction pattern
  • Rhythm= regular and R-R constant
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13
Q

What is sinus bradycardia?

A
  • sinus nodes fires <60bpm
  • rhythm= regular and R-R constant
    this is considered normal in aerobically trained athletes and during sleep
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14
Q

What are symptoms of sinus bradycardia?

A

-hypotension, pale, cool skin, weakness, angina, dizziness, confusion, SOB

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15
Q

What is the treatment of sinus bradycardia?

A
  • atropine
  • pacemaker if needed
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16
Q

What are causes of sinus bradycardia?

A
  • beta-blockers
  • CCB
  • athletes
  • hypothermia
  • hypothyroidism
  • vagal stimulation
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17
Q

What is sinus tachycardia?

A
  • rate = >100bpm
  • rhythm = regular and R-R constant
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18
Q

What are symptoms of sinus tachycardia?

A

dizziness and hypotension (due to decreased co), angina, palpations, alterations in bp, dizziness, SOB, diaphoresis

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19
Q

What are causes of sinus tachycardia?

A

exercise, pain, hypovolemia, anemia, myocardial ischemia, heart failure, fever, shock, hypoxia, stress, medications, caffeine

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20
Q

What is the treatment for sinus tachycardia?

A
  • determine underlying cause and correct it!!
  • oxygen, fluids
  • medications
    –> analgesics, antipyretics, B-adrenergic blockers
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21
Q

What is premature atrial contraction?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • extra heartbeats that begin in one of your heart’s two upper chambers (atria)
  • may be stopped, delayed, conducted normally at the AV node
    ** may be an ideation of a more serious dysrhythmia in heart disease**
22
Q

What is the causes of premature atrial contraction?

Study These Flashcards
A

low potassium
- emotional stress, caffeine, tobacco, alcohol, hypoxia, COPD, valvular disease

23
Q

What is the treatment of premature atrial contraction?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • individualized, depends on cause
  • B-adrenergic blockers
24
Q

What is a atrial flutter?

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A

-known as ‘saw tooth’ or ‘picket fence’ shaped flutter waves
- rhythm = regular/irregular
- upper chambers (atria) to pump very rapidly
-arrhythmias

25
What is the causes of atrial flutter?
CAD, HTN, mitral valve disorders, pulmonary embolus, chronic lung disease, cardiomyopathy, hyperthyroidism **drugs** - dioxin, quinidine, epinephrine
26
What is the symptoms of an atrial flutter?
decreased BP and syncope
27
What is the treatment of an atrial flutter?
- radiofrequency catheter ablation - vagal stimulation - medications: warfarin, antidysrhythmia drugs
28
What is an atrial fibrillation?
**linked to brain tumours** - total disorganization of atrial electrical activity due to multiple ectopic foci, resulting in loss of effective atrial conduction - irregular and often very rapid heart rhythm (arrhythmia) - rate = atrial > 400-600 - rhythm = irregularly irregular. wiggly MOST COMMON
29
What is the causes of atrial fibrillation?
CAD, HF, MI, HTN, **rheumatic heart disease**
30
What is the S&S of atrial fibrillation?
- Pulse deficit with rates > 90 - ↓BP - Syncope
31
What is the treatment of atrial fibrillation?
- Decrease ventricular rate - Prevent embolic stroke - Drugs for rate control: digoxin, β-adrenergic blockers, calcium channel blockers - Long-term anticoagulation: Coumadin
32
What is premature ventricular contractions?
Premature occurrence of a wide and distorted QRS complex. rate depends upon underlying rhythm. - extra heartbeats that begin in one of the heart's two lower pumping chambers (ventricles)
33
What is the cause of premature ventricular contractions?
- Stimulants: caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, aminophylline, epinephrine, isoproterenol - Digoxin - Electrolyte imbalances - Hypoxia - Fever - Disease states: MI, mitral va
34
what is the S&S of premature ventricular contractions?
Palpitations
35
What is the treatment of premature ventricular contractions?
- Medication - Treatment of underlying cause - Oxygen therapy for hypoxia - Electrolyte replacement
36
What is ventricular tachycardia?
- Run of three or more PVCs - Rate = atrial rate not determined - Rhythm = Regular but can be slightly irregular - Considered **life-threatening** because of decreased CO and the possibility of deterioration to ventricular fibrillation - lower chamber of the heart beats too fast to pump well and the body doesn't receive enough oxygenated blood.
37
What is the cause of ventricular tachycardia?
MI, CAD, Electrolyte imbalances, Cardiomyopathy, Heart Failure
38
What is the symptoms of ventricular tachycardia?
↓BP, Absent Pulse, Confusion, Syncope
39
What is the treatment of ventricular tachycardia?
Assess the patient, Medication Code Blue!!!! 5555
40
What is ventricular fibrillation?
- Severe derangement of the heart rhythm characterized on ECG by irregular undulations of varying contour and amplitude - No effective contraction or CO occurs - Unresponsive, pulseless, and apneic state - If not treated rapidly, death will result
41
What is the treatment of ventricular fibrillation?
Immediate initiation of CPR and advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) measures with the use of defibrillation and definitive drug therapy
42
What is the cause of ventricular fibrillation?
- Accidental 
electric shock - Hyperkalemia - Hypoxia - Acidosis - Drug toxicity
43
What is asystole?
- Represents total absence of ventricular electrical activity - No ventricular contraction (CO) occurs because depolarization does not occur - Almost flatlining
44
What is the five H's and T's of systole
- Hypoxia, Hypothermia, Hypokalemia, Hypovolemia, Hydrogen ion (acidosis) - toxins (drug overdoses), Tamponade (cardiac), Tension pneumothorax, Thrombosis –heart (AMI), Thrombosis- lungs (pulmonary embolus)
45
What is the symptom of asystole?
Loss LOC, Pulselessness, Respiratory arrest, PATIENT IS DEAD!
46
What is the treatment of asystole?
- Assess the patient, Confirm the absence of pulse DNR Order??, Perform immediate CPR!, Code Blue 5555 (CKHA), Confirm the rhythm in TWO leads. - Explore possible cause and treat it = ASAP
47
What is defibrillation?
Most effective method of terminating VF and pulseless VT - unsynchronized
48
What is synchronized cardio version?
Choice of therapy for hemodynamically unstable ventricular or supraventricular tachydysrhythmias
49
What is implantable cardioverter-defibrillator(ICD)?
A device that detects and terminates life-threatening episodes of tachycardia or fibrillation
50
What is a pacemaker?
- An electronic device that provides electrical stimuli to the heart muscle - Used for slower-than-normal impulse formation, to control some tachycardias, or for advanced heart failure - May be permanent or temporary
51
What is the complications of pacemakers?
- Infection - Bleeding or hematoma formation - Dislocation of the lead - Skeletal muscle or phrenic nerve stimulation - Cardiac tamponade - Pacemaker malfunction

Nursing Theory IV A- Cindy'S Class (17 decks)

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