Test Yourself Gross Block 1 Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
1. What is the 3-layered disc in embryological development called?
A
- Trilaminar disc
2
Q
- What forms the peripheral nervous system and melanocytes?
A
- Neural crest cells
3
Q
- What germ layer do somites form from?
A
- Mesoderm
4
Q
- What does the medial portion of somite form?
A
- Bone and cartilage in vertebral column
5
Q
- What does lateral portion of somite form?
A
- Intrinsic back muscles
6
Q
- What structures do pedicles connect?
A
- Bodies to transverse processes
7
Q
- What structures do lamina connect?
A
- Spinous processes to transverse processes
8
Q
- What are spaces between pedicles called and what goes through them?
A
- Intervertebral foramina, spinal nerves and associated vessels
9
Q
- What is the primary curvature called in fetus?
A
- Kyphotic curvature
10
Q
10.What are the secondary curvatures called in adult?
A
- Lordotic curvatures
11
Q
11.Where are the lordotic curvatures found?
A
11.Cervical and lumbar regions
12
Q
12.Where are the kyphotic curvatures found?
A
12.Thoracic and sacral regions
13
Q
13.What do secondary curvatures allow us to do?
A
- They allow us to look forward and balance in the upright position
14
Q
- How many vertebrae do we have?
A
14.33 (7C, 12T, 5L, 5S, 4Co)
15
Q
- What does the vertebral artery pass through on its way to the skull?
A
15.Foramina transversaria of cervical vertebrae
16
Q
- Which vertebrae have bifid spinous processes
A
- Cervical vertebrae
17
Q
17.What are joints between cervical bodies called?
A
- Uncovertebral joints
18
Q
- What 2 ligaments form bands along the vertebral bodies?
A
- Anterior and Posterior longitudinal ligaments
19
Q
- What 2 ligaments connect vertebral spines?
A
- Supraspinous (forms ligamentum nuchae)and interspinous ligaments
20
Q
20.What joint connects articular processes?
A
20.Zygapophyseal joints
21
Q
21.What ligament connects the lamina?
A
21.Ligamenta flava
22
Q
22.What are the two portions of the intervertebral disc from outer to inner?
A
22.Annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus
23
Q
23.What is a herniated disc?
A
23.When the nucleus pulposus protrudes through the annulus fibrosus
24
Q
24.Where do herniated discs occur most often?
A
24.Posterolaterally near the pedicles
25
25.What joint connects the atlas and occipital condyles and what motion does it do?
25.Atlantooccipital joint, nodding the head
26
26. What ligaments attach axis to the skull?
26. Alar ligaments form cruciform shape
27
1. What encases the intrinsic back muscles?
1. Prevertebral fascia (neck) and thoracolumbar fascia (inferior to neck)
28
2. What is the nerve supply of the intrinsic back muscles?
2. Segmentally supplied by dorsal rami of spinal nerves
29
3. What 7 muscles make up the extrinsic back muscles?
3. Levator Scapulae, Trapezius, Latissimus Dorsi, Serratus Posterior Superior/Inferior, Rhomboid Major/Minor
30
4. Which 3 intrinsic back muscles function in proprioception?
4. Interspinalis, Intertransversarii, Levatores Costarum
31
5. What 3 muscles make up the transversospinalis group and which directions do their fibers move moving superiorly?
5. Rotatores, multifidis, semispinalis all move medially as they move superiorly
32
6. What 3 muscles make up the erector spinae group and which direction do their fibers move moving superiorly?
6. Spinalis, Longissimus, Iliocostalis all move laterally as they move superiorly
33
7. What muscle lies deep to levator scapulae and which direction do its fibers run moving superiorly?
7. Splenius moves laterally as it moves superiorly
34
8. What direction do the fibers of levator scapulae run as it moves superiorly?
8. The fibers move medially as it moves superiorly
35
9. Which one contains both sensory & motor: roots or rami
9. Rami, roots only carry sensory (dorsal, afferent) OR motor (ventral, efferent)
36
10. What branches does the dorsal primary ramus form?
10. Medial and Lateral branches
37
12. Which primary ramus innervates the extrinsic back muscles?
12. Ventral Primary Ramus
38
13. How many spinal nerves are there?
13. 31 (8C, 12T, 5L, 5S, 1Co)
39
14. Where do cervical spine nerves arise?
14. Above their respective vertebrae in the intervertebral foramen(i.e. C2 above C2)
40
15. Where do thoracic and lumbar spines arise?
15. Below their respective vertebrae in the intervertebral foramen(i.e. T1 below T1)
41
16. Where do S5 and Co1 nerves emerge from?
16. Sacral Hiatus
42
17. What is the posterior ramus of C1 named?
17. Suboccipital Nerve
43
18. What is the posterior ramus of C2 named?
18. Greater Occipital Nerve
44
19. At birth, what level does the spinal cord reach?
19. L3
45
20. As an adult, what level does the spinal cord reach?
20. Between L1 and L2
46
21. What is the end of the spinal cord called?
21. Conus Medullaris
47
22. What is found in the subarachnoid space?
22. CSF (cerebro-spinal fluid)
48
23. What ligaments connect the pia mater to the dura mater?
23. Denticulate ligaments
49
24. What anchors the pia mater inferiorly to the vertebral column?
24. Filum Terminale
50
25. Can the pia mater be dissected off?
25. No
51
26. What is the cauda equina?
26. Long nerve roots inferior to the conus medullaris
52
1. What is the glenoid labrum?
1. Rim of fibrocartilage that makes a larger “cup” for head of the humerus
53
2. Where does the tendon of long head of biceps brachii insert?
2. Supraglenoid tuberosity
54
3. What two ligaments hold the acromioclavicular joint together?
3. Acromioclavicular ligament and Coracoclavicular ligament
55
4. How many ossification centers does the clavicle have?
4. 2, one medial one lateral
56
5. What are the 4 rotator cuff muscles?
5. Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis
57
6. What 3 muscles attach to the greater tubercle of the humerus?
6. Supraspinatus, infrapsinatus, teres minor
58
7. What 3 muscles attach to the intertubercular groove?
7. Pectoralis Major, Latissimus Dorsi, Teres Major
59
8. What two bursae protect the scapulohumeral joint?
8. Subscapular and Subacromial bursae
60
9. Inflammation of which bursa causes pain when abducting the arm?
9. Subacromial bursa
61
10. What causes wing scapula and which muscle is involved?
10. Damage to the long thoracic nerve, serratus anterior
62
11. What muscles attache to the coracoid process of scapula?
11. Pectoralis Minor, Coracobrachialis, Short Head of Biceps Brachii
63
12. What triangle does the cephalic vein pass through?
12. Deltopectoral Triangle
64
13. What muscle attaches to the lesser tubercle of humerus?
13. Subscapularis
65
1. What forms a neurovascular bundle?
1. Spinal nerves along with arteries and veins
66
2. What artery supplies the Suboccipital triangle?
2. Occipital artery
67
3. What supplies the spinal cord?
3. One anterior and two posterior spinal arteries including medullary arteries
68
4. What are the borders of the lateral cervical region?
4. clavicle, trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, investing layer of deep cervical fascia, prevertebral fascia
69
5. What structures does the sternocleidomastoid protect?
5. Carotid artery and Internal Jugular Vein
70
6. Since sternocleidomastoid and trapezius develop as a single muscle mass, what do they share in common?
6. They are both innervated by spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
71
7. Between what two muscles can one find the interscalene triangle?
7. Scalene anterior and middle scalene
72
8. What structures pass through the interscalene triangle?
8. Brachial plexus and subclavian artery (supplies upper limb)
73
9. What nerve runs atop the anterior scalene, what does it innervate and what does it arise from?
9. Phrenic Nerve, sole motor innervation to the diaphragm, arises from C3, C4 and C5
74
10. What vein does the external jugular vein empty into?
10. Subclavian vein
75
11. What is the major trunk that emerges from the subclavian artery?
11. Thyrocervical trunk
76
12. What 3 branches does the thyrocervical trunk give off and what do they supply?
12. Transverse cervical artery (trapezius), Dorsal Scapular Artery (Levator Scapulae, Rhomboids), Suprascapular artery (supraspinatus, infraspinatus)
77
13. Where do the scalene muscles attach?
13. Transverse processes of C2-C7 to the scalene tubercles of the first rib
78
14. When does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery?
14. When it emerges from beneath the clavicle at the lateral border of the first rib
79
15. When does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?
15. When it passes into the arm beneath the inferior border of teres major
80
17. What branches arise from the 2nd part of the axillary artery?
17. Thoracoacromial artery and lateral thoracic artery
81
18. What branches arise from the 3rd part of the axillary artery?
18. Anterior humeral circumflex artery, posterior humeral circumflex artery and subscapular artery
82
19. What does the thoracoacromial artery pierce and branch into?
19. Claviculopectoral fascia and gives off clavicular, acromial, deltoid and pectoral branches counterclockwise
83
20. What does the lateral thoracic artery supply?
20. Pectoralis Major, Breast, Axillary Lymph Nodes
84
21. Where does the anterior humeral circumflex artery wrap?
21. Surgical neck of humerus
85
22. Where does the posterior humeral circumflex artery run (with what nerve) and what does it supply?
22. Quadrangular space with axillary nerve, deltoid, teres major/minor, long head of triceps brachii
86
23. What does the subscapular artery split into?
23. Circumflex scapular artery and thoracodorsal artery (latissimus dorsi)
87
24. What is the blood supply and drainage to and from the breast?
24. Thoracoacromial artery and lateral thoracic artery, axillary vein and internal thoracic vein
88
25. Where does most of the lymph drainage of the breast occur?
25. Axillary Lymph Nodes
89
1. What forms the cervical plexus?
1. Ventral Primary Rami of C1-C4
90
2. What is unique about C1?
2. It has no sensory root
91
4. Destruction of what results in “bib” anesthesia?
4. Supraclavicular nerves (medial, intermediate and lateral)
92
5. What forms the brachial plexus?
5. Ventral Rami of C5-T1 nerves
93
6. What roots make up the superior, middle and inferior trunks?
6. C5, C6; C7; C8, T1
94
7. Which root does dorsal scapular nerve arise from and what does it innervate?
7. C5, rhomboids and levator scapulae. This is above the clavicle
95
8. Which root does suprascapular nerve arise from and what does it innervate?
8. C5, supraspinatus and infraspinatus. This is above the clavicle
96
9. Which root does subclavius nerve arise from and what does it innervate?
9. C5, subclavius. This is above the clavicle
97
9. Which roots does long thoracic nerve arise from and what does it innervate?
9. C5, C6, C7, serratus anterior. This is above the clavicle
98
10. What nerves arise from C2 and C3?
10. Great auricular, lesser occipital and transverse cervical nerves
99
11. What nerves arise from C3 and C4?
11. Lateral, Intermediate and Medial supraclavicular nerves & phrenic nerve
100
12. What muscles does the musculocutaneous nerve innervate?
12. Brachialis, Coracobrachialis, Biceps Brachii
101
13. What cord gives rise to the musculocutaneous nerve?
13. Lateral cord
102
14. What is the musculocutaneous nerve called as it passes into the forearm?
14. Lateral antebrachial cutaneous
103
15. What are the five branches of the medial cord?
15. Medial pectoral, medial antebrachial cutaneous, medial brachial cutaneous, ulnar, median nerves
104
16. What are the five branches of the posterior cord?
16. Upper subscapular, lower subscapular, thoracodorsal, axillary, radial
105
17. What muscles does the lower subscapular nerve supply?
17. Teres major and subscapularis
106
1. Where does the biceps brachii attach?
1. Long head- surpaglenoid tuberosity
107
2. Why is ulnar deviation greater than radial deviation?
2. Styloid process of radius is longer than that of ulna.
108
3. What fracture causes the styloid processes of the radius and ulna to be the same length?
3. Colle’s fracture
109
4. What attaches the radius and ulna?
4. Interosseous membrane
110
5. What does the interosseous membrane do?
5. Separates the forearm into anterior flexor muscles and posterior extensor muscles
111
6. What are the boundaries of the cubital fossa?
6. Superiorly by an imaginary line between the two condyles of the elbow, medially by pronator teres and laterally by brachioradialis
112
7. What three things can be palpated in the cubital fossa laterally to medially?
7. Tendon of biceps brachii, brachial artery and median nerve
113
8. What veins is the median cubital vein the junction between?
8. Basilic and Cephalic vein
114
9. What two arteries and one nerve also pass through the cubital fossa?
9. Ulnar and Radial arteries as well as Radial nerve
115
10. What forms the hinge joint of the elbow?
10. Trochlea and Trochlear notch
116
11. What forms the ball and socket joint of the elbow?
11. Capitulum and radial head
117
12. What forms the pivot joint of the elbow?
12. Radial head and radial notch (ulna)
118
13. What three ligaments stabilize the elbow?
13. Radial collateral ligament, Ulnar collateral ligament, annular ligament (around radial head)
119
14. What are the three flexor muscles of the arm and their innervation?
14. Brachialis, Biceps Brachii, Coracobrachialis; musculocutaneous nerve
120
15. What are the attachments of brachialis?
15. Mid-humerus and ulnar tuberosity
121
16. What are the attachments of coracobrachialis?
16. Mid-humerus and coracoid process of scapula
122
17. In what motion is the grip of the hand strongest?
17. Radial deviation
123
18. What tendons make up the anatomic snuff box from lateral to medial?
18. Abductor Pollicis Longus +Extensor pollicis brevis and extensor pollicis longus
124
19. What bone is in the anatomical snuff box?
19. Scaphoid bone
125
20. What arteries and veins run through the anatomical snuff box?
20. Radial nerve and radial artery
126
21. What is epicondylitis and what causes it?
21. Inflammation of the lateral humeral epicondyle (tennis elbow) caused by prolonged rotary motion of the forearm
127
22. What does the brachial artery bifurcate into at the cubital fossa?
22. Radial and Ulnar arteries
128
23. What is the radial artery deep to in the arm?
23. Brachialis
129
24. What is the ulnar artery deep to in the forearm?
24. Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
130
25. What nerve lies atop brachialis but does not innervate it?
25. Median nerve
131
26. What portion of the elbow does the ulnar nerve pass through?
26. Behind the medial epicondyle (funny bone)
132
27. What can damage to the ulnar nerve cause?
27. Claw hand
133
28. What nerve and artery lie deep to brachioradialis?
28. Radial nerve and Radial artery
134
29. What nine tendons and one nerve pass through the carpal tunnel?
29. Median nerve, flexor pollicis longus, flexor digitorum superficialis (4), flexor digitorum profundus (4)
135
30. What four bones does the flexor retinaculum attach to forming the carpal tunnel?
30. Scaphoid, Trapezium, Pisiform, Hamate
136
31. Where do the superficial flexors of the forearm attach?
31. Medial Epicondyle
137
32. Where do the extensors of the forearm attach?
32. Lateral Epicondyle
138
33. What nerve innervates forearm flexors (except half of flexor digitorum profundus and flexor carpi ulnaris)?
33. Median nerve
139
34. What is the blood supply to forearm extensors?
34. Posterior interosseous artery
140
35. What is the innervation of forearm extensors except extensor carpi radialis longus and brachioradialis?
35. Posterior interosseous nerve
141
36. What innervates extensor carpi radialis longus and brachioradialis?
36. Radial nerve
142
37. What three muscles make up the deep forearm extensors?
37. Supinator, abductor pollicis longus, extensor indicis proprius
143
1. What muscles attach onto the intertubercular groove?
1. Pectoralis Major, Teres Major and latissimus dorsi
144
2. What muscles attach to the clavicle?
2. Subclavius, pectoralis major, deltoid, trapezius, sternocleidomastoid
145
3. What muscles attach to the glenoid fossa?
3. Long head of triceps brachii and long head of biceps brachii
146
4. What muscles attach to the coracoid process?
4. Pectoralis Minor, Short head of biceps brachii, Coracobrachialis
147
5. What muscles attach to the olecranon process of ulna?
5. Triceps brachii, Anconeus
148
6. What muscle attaches to the radial tuberosity?
6. Biceps Brachii
149
7. What muscle attaches to the ulnar tuberosity?
7. Brachialis
150
8. What muscles attach to the mastoid process?
8. Longissimus, Splenius, sternocleidomastoid
151
9. What ligament forms the ligamentum nuchae?
9. Supraspinous ligament
152
10. What forms the boundaries of the axilla?
10. Apex- gap between 1st rib, clavicle and scapula
153
11. What artery is important for collateral circulation around the scapula?
11. Circumflex scapular artery (supplies infraspinatus and teres minor)
154
12. What does the extensor retinaculum prevent?
12. Bowstringing
155
13. What nerve and artery run through the triangular interval?
13. Radial nerve and profunda brachii artery
156
14. What nerve runs with the brachial artery and lies on brachialis?
14. Median nerve
