test1 Flashcards
(152 cards)
1
Q
dinosaurs can be found on every continent t/f
A
true
2
Q
can dinosaurs fly?
A
no
3
Q
can dinosaurs swim?
A
yes
4
Q
dinosaurs lived on land t/f
A
true
5
Q
earth’s layers
A
crust, mantle, outer core, inner core
6
Q
types of crust
A
continental and oceanic
7
Q
continental crust is thick/thin and low/high density
A
thick and low density
8
Q
oceanic crust is thick/thin and low/high density
A
thin and high density
9
Q
Parts of the mantle
A
uppermost, asthenosphere and deep mantle
10
Q
Parts of the mantle
A
uppermost, asthenosphere and deep mantle
11
Q
lithosphere is composed of
A
uppermost mantle and crust
12
Q
lithosphere makes up tectonic plates and glides along the mantle t/f
A
true
13
Q
types of plate motions
A
divergent, convergent, transform
14
Q
earthquakes and volcanoes happen along ________
A
boundary lines
15
Q
what is mid ocean ridge caused by
A
divergent boundaries
16
Q
mid ocean ridge is a form of seafloor spreading t/f
A
true
17
Q
rocks get older the further they are from the ridge t/f
A
true
18
Q
in ocean-continent collision, _______ subducts because it is more ________
A
ocean, denser
also forms trenches
19
Q
in ocean-ocean collision, the ________ plate subdicts
A
older
20
Q
continent-continent collisions form_____
A
mountains
21
Q
what is plate movement caused by?
A
convection effect in mantle
22
Q
plates pulled into trenches are recycled into the ______
A
mantle
23
Q
on super continents, exteriors were _____ and interiors were ______
A
wet, dry
24
Q
as continents got smaller, temperature and precipitation swings ________
A
decreased
25
difference in temp from pole to equator used to be smaller in dinosaur time t/f
true
26
what are natural causes of climate change
solar radioation and greenhouse gasses
27
4 main climate archives (preserve the pasts temp)
sedimentary rocks (diff rocks for in diff environemnts), ice (contain atmospheric gas bubbles), tree rings (show growth seasons) and fossils (animals only live in certain climates)
28
if deposition of erosion left on shelf, water level was ____
high
29
if deposition of erosion falls down, water level was ____
low
30
sea level _____ wen plates move away from eachother
increase
31
sea levels rise when MidOceRid is wide or narrow?
wide
32
isostasy
seafloor rebounds or sags in response to weight on it
33
what era did dinos live in
mesazoic
34
what was the msazoic composed of? oldest to most rescent
cretaceous, jurasic, triassic
35
types of rock
sedimentary, igneous, metamorphic
36
how are sedimentary rocks formed?
bits of rock glued/stuck together
37
how are igneous rocks formed?
melted rock
38
how are metamorphic rocks formed?
heated and squeezed together
39
clastic sedimentary can be found in ______ and an example is ______
beaches/rivers/land, sandstone
40
chemical sedimentary are formed through ______ and an example is ______
sediment being crystalized out of water, sometimes due to evaporation, limestones
41
the further sediments are transported, the ______ they get
smaller
42
lithification is caused by ______ and forms what types of rocks?
compaction, sedimentary
43
what is relative dating?
ordering events not knowing exact date
44
what is absolute dating?
dating is specific and exact
45
how many principles does lithostratigraphy have?
7
46
principle of superposition
older layers are on the bottom
47
principle of horizontality
layers are deposited across/horizontally and can be deformed into folds or broken by faults.
48
principle of lateral continuity
rocks spread by erosion used to be horizontally continuous
49
principle of cross-cutting
if it cross cuts, its younger than the rock it cut across
50
principle of inclusion
rock contained within is older than host
51
principle of unconformity
rocks above an erosional surface are younger than ones below. shows a missing link in rock record
52
principle of faunal successsion
evolution is represented in fossils layers
53
biostratigraphy
using fossils to tell time
54
isotopes have _____ nr of neutrons and ______nr of protons
different, same
55
radioactive isotopes are not stable and will break down t/f
true
56
radioactive dating uses time it takes to _____to measure time
decay
57
what is half-life?
amount of time it takes for a radioactive isotope to reduce in half
58
measure the ratio of _____ to _______ isotope to calculate age of sample
parent, daughter
59
definition of paleontology
the study of ancient life (not human tho)
60
body fossils include....
bones, teeth and skin
61
trace fossils represent? and examples.
the day-to-day life. footprints, trails or burrows
62
taphonamy is the study of...
process between death and discovery
63
sedimentary cycle
rock is transported by wind/water/ice/gravity from higher to lower elevation. then it compresses and cements
64
where and how do rapid burials occur
occur when sediment is deposited quickly on sea floor, rivers/lakes, flood plains
65
threats to fossilization
scavengers, decomposition, transportation
66
articulate skeleton
in life position and burried shortly after death
67
partially articulated or associated skeleton
pnly some bones in life position
68
disarticulated skeleton
no bones in life position, but can be put in one
experienced minor transportation
69
isolated bones
single bone
specimen burried long after death and had a lot of transportation
70
bonebeds
usually associated or dissarticulated.
have more than one individual and represent mass death
71
microvertabrete sites
concentration of small, isolated bones and fragments. caused by movement of water
72
3 best methods of fossilization
freezing, mummifying, encasing
73
replacement (fossilization)
original bone or shell dissolves and is filled in immediate with minerals like silica or pyrite
74
permineralization/fill in the void (fossilization)
water flows through and deposits minerals in pores
common in bones
75
petrification (fossilization)
mixture of replacement and perminieralization
common in trees
76
recrystalization (fossilization)
change in crystal structure or make crystal bigger
77
carbonization/leave film (fossilization)
burried with all water and other material squeezed out until only carbon is left
78
mold (fossilization)
stamp of the organism and leave an imprint
79
cast (fossilization)
fill up the mold and remove from mold
80
what discovery was the lore of the griffin based on
discovery of protoceratops
81
who was the first to describe a fossil
dr. robert plot
82
what was the initial conclusion of robert plot and what did he settle on
thought it was a femur from a war elephant, settled on it being from a giant human
83
what did mary ann mantell dicover
fossils that looked like really large iguana teeth
84
what did william buckland discover
the lower jaw of a very large lizard
85
how did gideon mantell get his fossils and what did he find
he bought them from a dealer and he found the most complete non-avian dino at the time, an ankylosaurid
86
mary and gideon find a more complete ______ and thought the ______ was a ______
iguanadon, thumb, horn
87
what does dinosaur mean and who coined the phrase
"terrible lizards", sir richard owen
88
early dinosaur depictions in victorian area described them as large quadrupeds or thin bipeds
large quadrupeds
89
joseph leidy described the first significant dinosaur remains in north America as _____ and ______
thin and bipedal
90
who was the fierce rivalry between in the bone wars
marsh and cope
91
how many species were found during the bone wars
more than 142
92
in 1871, the first report of dino bones were made in _______
alberta
93
in 1874, a ____-_____ dino was found along milk river
duck-billed
94
what did tyrell fund and why was it significant
found an albertasaurus and it was hte first meat eating dino found in canda
95
during imperialistic paleontology, germans went to _____ & ______ and, americans went to ______
egypt & tanzania, mongolia
96
what were the two figures mentioned in the Canadian dino rush
barnum brown & sternberg family
97
how many specimens were discovered during hte Canadian dino rush
over 300
98
what happened during the calm years
research and interest declined
99
when did the dino renaissance happen and how can it be described
1970-present, it asked and answered more complex questions
100
what are melanosomes, whaat shapes are they and what can they tell us
where melanin is synthesized, round and elongated, can tell us color
101
3 points of the 1972 alberta historical resources act
fossils are property of albertans
fossils are to remain in alberta
no excavating without permit
102
if you (as a non-paleontologist) find a fossil you should _____
call someone who is
103
if fossil collection is surface level, it is illegal to remove fossil if it is in protected areas or national parks t/f
true
104
if fossil collection is surface level, it is legal to remove fossil in most places t/f
true
105
steps to removing fossil as a paleontologist
remove shit on top of it
clean and carefully dig around it
field jacket (plaster and burlap)
take to lab to research and further clean
display
106
plate tectonic theory
Earth’s outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle
107
Pressure, temperature and density
_________with depth.
increase
108
the mantle is _____
solid
109
the upper mantle is _____/_____
rigid/brittle
110
the asthenosphere and deeper mantle are ______ solids
ductile
111
in ocean-continental convergant boundary, the leading edge of continental crust gets compressed and deformed, producing _____.
mountains
112
arc of volcanoes occur in which two convergent boundaries?
ocean-ocean (islands) and ocean-continent (on land)
113
What Causes Plate Movement?
Plates pulled down into trenches
Plates driven down the slope from ridge to trench by gravity
114
who came up with tectonic theory
alfred wagner
115
pangea before dinosaurs
Ice sheets over S pole
Glacial tills
116
pangea during dinosaurs
Pangaea shifts N
-Ice sheets melt
-Animals can migrate, achieving wide
distributions although mountains may block
some passages
117
when supercontinents existed The interiors experienced stronger seasonal temperature swings. think of cities likes ____ vs _____
calgary and vancouver
118
Desert sands formed in ______
dry
places with little vegetation
119
Salt deposits formed in _____
lakes
and restricted seaways
120
Coals formed in _______
warm, wet coastal
swamps near the equator
121
ripples that flow in one direction
asymmetrical ripples
122
ripples flow in both directions
symmetrical ripples
123
rocks point to same direction
imbrication
124
mudcracks form when
water dries up and clay contracts
125
Archaeopteryx is considered a _____-_____ and is the missing link between ____ and ____
dino-bird, dinos & birds
126
where did spinosaurus likely do its hunting
in rivers
127
Direct evidence for what dinosaurs ate:
Coprolites and Cololites
128
what are Coprolites
fossil poop
129
what are Cololites
fossilized gut contents
130
Indirect evidence of what dinosaurs ate:
- Assemble all of the known fossils from an area. The carnivores likely ate
the herbivores, the herbivores likely ate the plants.
- Look for teeth marks on bones.
131
definition of sauropodamorph:
lizard-foot-form
132
where were the extra neck vertebrae of the sauropods located?
in front and behind the sacrum (hips)
133
sauropods lived for the entire time of the dinosaurs and were abundant on every continent t/f?
true asf
134
what physiological changes happened to sauropods over time?
necks become longer, heads become smaller, hind legs and
front legs become more equal in length
135
rise of the sauropodomorphs parallels the rise of what form of vegetation?
tall gymnosperms (delicious seed-bearing plants).
also were the first to take advantage of tall plants
136
characteristics of sauropods' eating and digestive system
- Bad chewers
- Large animals with small mouths
so must have always been eating
- Digestive system probably a
continuous, low-speed conveyor
belt of food
- claw may have aided in ripping
vegetation into smaller pieces
137
what sauropod might have been larger than the argentinosaurus and why might evidence be weak for it?
the Patagotitan, but all estimates
are made on very incomplete skeletons
138
what feature did sauropod vertebrae have that reduced their weight?
pneumatic bones with cavities and openings kept the upper skeleton light
139
features of sauropod skull
- Extremely small
- Delicately built
- Full of large openings
- Very light because it goes at the end of a long neck.
140
what are the 2 Sauropoda groups and what are they split on?
Diplodocoidea & Macronaria, split on placement and size of nostrils
141
Diplodocoidea features
- fully retracted external nares
above eyes
- peg-like teeth along front of jaw
forming tooth comb.
142
Macronaria features
- Nares as large as or larger than
orbit
- Nares move towards top of skull
- Shortening and elevation of skull,
indicating more powerful biting
force
143
Does the fleshy nose and bony nose have to be located in the same area and what effect did this assumption have on sauropods?
no, they do not have to be in the same location.
before paleontologists knew this, they assumed the sauropods would function as snorkels.
144
what evidence convinced scientists that sauropods lived on land?
- water pressure too high to allow for breathing
- robust hips, dense/pillar-like limbs, and weight-bearing feet suggest life on land
- Sauropods are found in a range of environments from swamps to lakes to
coastal areas
145
features of sauropod locomotion
- Narrow trackways, although bodies are very wide
- Tail was held off the ground when walking
- The youngest of the group would walk in the middle
146
why was the trunk theory wrong?
- trunks are needed when necks are short
- unlike elephants, sauropods have little fascial nerves
- probably had cartilage, blood vessels and other soft tissues that made up the nasal cavity
147
where were sauropod fleshy noses most likely located and why did paleontologists come to this conclusion?
- fleshy nostrils further
down the face and closer to the
mouth than to the eyes.
148
4 methods of making a neck longer
- Increase the length of the individual
vertebrae
- Recruit vertebrae from the back into the
neck
- Increase the number of neck vertebrae
- combination of the above
149
what are Nuchal Ligaments?
elastic rope of connective tissue that ran down the neck and back to support the head so the muscles didn’t have to work as hard
150
Why did Sauropods have long necks?
so They could feed on tall trees.
151
what neck orientation did most sauropods have?
horizontal necks that helped them feed within 2-3m above ground and more efficient
152
physiological demands of a tall neck are?
the Need blood pressure
twice that of a giraffe to
pump blood up 8 m
above heart otherwise
animal would faint
Heart would have to be around 400 kilos
