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test1 Flashcards

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1
Q

immunotoxicity will drop what

immunosuppression

A

t cells and b cells,
immediate or delayed, localized or widespread
penicillin, poison ivy, eggg white

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2
Q

mutagenesis ( gentic toxicity)

A

drug interacts directly with dna

dna damage

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3
Q

clastogenesis

A

chromosomal damage

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4
Q

aneugenesis

A

acquisition or loss of complete chromosomes

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5
Q

carcinogenesis

A

look it up

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6
Q

aqueous drugs

A

yum yum suspensions, emulsions, syrup,

–antibiotics or children

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7
Q

alcohol drugs

A

elixirs, spirits, tinctures

cough syrups

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8
Q

lozenges (troches)

A

dissolve in mouth

-zinc, cough drops

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9
Q

powders

A

drugs or drug extracts dried and ground….most often compressed into tablets
aspirin and cocaine

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10
Q

capsules

A

gelatin capsules filled with liquid or powders

-pain relievers, liqui-gels, vitamins/supps

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11
Q

delayed-released

A

various coatings release does over period of time aka extended release, sustained release
-adderall XR, Wellbutrin XL

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12
Q

enteric-coated

A

acid-resistant coating
take 1h before or 2h after meals
–aspirin

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13
Q

suppositories

A

mixed with substance (cocoa butter) that melts at body temp
inserted into rectum, urethra, vagina
-prep H, monistat, birth control

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14
Q

ointments

A

soft, oily, semi-solid containing drug
applied to skin or eyes
–neosporin

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15
Q

transdermal

A

drug embedded into bandage/patch

-nitro, estrogen, nictotine

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16
Q

parenteral injections

A

liquid or powder dissolved in sterile solutiong

-vaccines, morphine, epinephrine

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17
Q

spray/mist

A

liquids, sometimes fine powders inhaled thru nose or mouth

-asthma inhalers, nasal decongestents

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18
Q

MC type of med

A

oral

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19
Q

disadvantage or oral

A

GI tract ouchies and dont absorb all of it and/opr liver filters it out anyway

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20
Q

pharmacokinetic phse

A

“what the body does to the drug”

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21
Q

what is ADME

A

Absorption

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22
Q

tell me about asborption

A 
needs to be dissolved, must pass thru membranes (lipids and proteins)
passive diff (MC), active transport, pinocytosis, filtration
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23
Q

the study of the adverse effects of chemical, physical, or biological agents

A

toxicology

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24
Q

drugs from plants

A

codeine/morphine, quinine, cocaine, heroin

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25
drugs from animals
insulin, pepsin, premarin, growth hormone
26
heparin, coumadin
anticoagulants
27
propranolol, atendol
beta blockers | cardiac conditions, glaucoma, migraines, anxiety, hyperthyroidism
28
caffeine, lasix
diuretics | heart failure, liver cirrhosis, HTN, kidney diseases
29
lipitor, crestor, zocor
hypolipidemics | high cholesterol
30
nexium, prevacid, prilosec
proton pump inhibitors | GERD, peptic ulcer, erosive esophagitis, heartburn
31
Celexa, Lexapro, prozac, paxil, zoloft
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) | depression, anxiety, OCD, chronic pain, eating disorders, PTSD, PMDD
32
Therapeutic effect
intended physiological effect of the drug
33
indication
medical cond. or diseases for which the drug is meant to be used (and contra)
34
caution
cond. or types of patients that warrant closer observation for specific side effects
35
side effect
unintended effect + or0
36
adeverse efffect
negative side effect
37
toxic effect
adverse effect resulting in drug poisoning
38
mechanisn of action is
HOW a drug produces its effects
39
receptor site
action usually begins after drug attaches itself to some chemical structure, usually specific location
40
competitive antagonis
when boths agonist and antagonist drugs that bind to the same receptor are administered together
41
strength is determined by
dose and freq
42
dose
amount of drug given to produve and effect (response) | dose-response relationship
43
frequency
how often the drug is given | time-response relationship
44
maximal effect
when acheived, is known as the ceiling effect.
45
ED50 is the
dose necessary to produce half of the maximum response | used to compare potency
46
first attempt to protect consumers in manufacture of food and drugs
1906 pure food and drug act must label if contains dangerous ingredients us pharmacopeia national formulary
47
passed after a sulfa drug was given to peds patients, authorized FDA to demand evidence of safety for new drugs, issue standards for food, and conduct factory inspections
1938 federeal food, drug, and cosmetic act
48
made it so you had to have a prescription
1951 FD%C durham-humphrey amendment
49
approval of new food additives was required and safety determined by manufactureer b4 can be amrketed
1958 FD&C food additives amendment
50
standard labeling act
1962 FD&C Kefauver- Harris amend
51
pesticide tolerance levels checking.....act
1996 food quality protection act
52
therapeutic index
= LD50/ED50
53
drug allergy
drugs acts as an antigen and body produces antibodies against the drug
54
liver is what percent of adverse effect
9%
55
what will increase in liver if damaged on the bloodwork
``` AST and ALT aspartate transaminase alanine transaminase also bilirubin albumin will decrease ```
56
kidney damage is high likelihood...bloodwork will show what
BUN or Blood Urea Nitrogen | shows increase in renal dysfxn
57
an exaggerated or unwanted pharmacological response to drugs
pharmacokinetic-based: inc. conc. of the compound or metabolite pharmacodynamic-based: altered responsiveness of the target site
58
organophosphate insecticides will cause what
CNS disurbance
59
mutagenesis (genetic toxicity)
drug interacts directly with DNA, DNA damage
60
clastogenesis
chromosomal damage
61
aneugenesis
acquisition or loss of complete chromosomes
62
pharmaceutic phase
occurs after the drug is given and involves disintegration and dissolution of the dosage form
63
pharmacokinetic phase what the body does to the drug ADME
absorption. distribution, metabolism, excretion
64
most absorption is
passive diffusion
65
what % reaches the blood from the gi route
20-40
66
blood brain barrier protects by restricting passage of electrolytes and water sol substances
but lipid sol substances pass readily.
67
the body does a few things to metabolize
make more polar(easier to excrete) decrease half life prevent accumulation change bioactivity
68
enzymes for metabolism found in
liver mostly, then kidney, sm intestine, and most cells
69
when drugs are taken repeatedly,m they stim ________ which increase p450
DMMS.. | then there is a faster rate of drug metabolism
70
there is also enzyme inhibition, which inhibit the DMMS, okaaay so heres the thing
enzyme induction and inhibition play an impt role in adverse drug rxns
71
if you have acidic urine, _____ drugs reabsorbed, _____ drugs excreted
acidic; basic
72
fat soluble molecules will be
actively trans into bile, end up in feces
73
the action of drugs on living tissue
pharmacodynamic phase affected by the form of the drug and the route of administration
74
quick facts about Rx
2/3 of patients leave with Rx close to 40% have Rx for 4 or more neds the rate of adverse rxns inc dramatically with 4+
75
warfarin reacts with a lot of others,
ACE inhibitors interacts with potassium, spironolactone.......2 separate facts here bros
76
50% adults are on diet supps
vits, minerals, AAs, herbs St johns wort, vit e, vit k
77
st johns wort does..
induces cyp450 enzyme system, which means it can reduce the conc. of meds in the blood.
78
vit k does what
counteracts coumadin
79
alcohol can do what
inc or dec the effect of many drugs, avoid
80
grapefruit has a ton of interactions
so does chocolate with MAOIs, and licorice with lanoxin toxicity
81
patients taking MAOIs need to avoid
high tyramine foods | fermented foods!

Toxicology (1 decks)

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