Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Lab 3 Test #2 > Test2 > Flashcards

Test2 Flashcards

(69 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q
  1. List the functions of the kidneys.
A

Main function is to maintain homeostasis
As well as

Conserves water and electrolytes during times of negative
imbalances
- Increases water and electrolyte output in times of positive
imbalances
- Conserves nutrients
- Excrete end products of metabolism (urea and creatinine)
- Produce hormones/enzymes
- Aid in vitamin D activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
  1. What does BUN stand for?
A

Blood urea nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
  1. How does BUN evaluate kidney function?
A

by measuring amount of urea nitrogen in blood.

(Kidney not working properly= BUN levels icrease , less urea excreted in urine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  1. How does dehydration effect BUN levels?
A

Increased BUN levels
Can increase retention of urea (azotemia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
  1. What are 2 reasons BUN levels may be increased that aren’t related to kidney disease?
A

Dehydration + high protein diet / strenuous exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  1. What is Creatinine? Where is it produced?
A

By product of metabolic breakdown of creatine in skeletal system. Increase in serum creatinine means decreased kidney function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

. Which kidney test is affected by diet?

A

BUN is affected by diet + liver
CREA not affected and is number one renal test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which kidney test is affected by muscle mass?

A

Creatinine
As muscle mass decreases will impact levels on chemistry evaluation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which is the #1 kidney test?

A

Creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

List some conditions that can cause abnormal BUN and Creatinine levels.

A

-Dehydration
- Kidney infection
- Kidney failure
- Toxic injury to the kidneys
- Urinary blockage
- Shock
- Severe heart disease
- Muscle wasting or severe weight loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the name of the test that uses urine to assess kidney function? What result would indicate renal disease

A

Urine protein/creatinine ratio (UPC)
normal is UP/C of <1
renal disease is UP/C of >5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
  1. What kidney test is used in avian species instead of BUN?
A

Uric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
  1. What breed of dog commonly has uric acid crystals in its urine? Why?
A

Dalmatians Hepatocytes have defect in uric acid uptake, so a decreased conversion to allantoin. Therefore, they exercise uric acid in
their urine instead of allantoin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  1. Name two glomerular function tests and briefly describe how they work.
A

Effective renal plasma flow (ERPF)
Glomerular filtration Rate (GFR)
Both administer substance that is processed through kidneys + monitor levels of substance in plasma +/or urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some benefits to the SDMA test?

A

increases when 40% of kidney function is lost and as little as 25%
detects kidney issues earlier than creatinine
useful to decipher renal function in the muscle wasted feline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pancreatic assays are broken down into two groups. What are they and what is the difference?

A

Endocrine produces horomones
Exocrine (acinar) produces digestive enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are 3 things that can happen if the pancreas isn’t working properly?

A

pancreatitis
diabetes mellitus
exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (not enough digestive enzymes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

List the common pancreatic assays and which group they belong in.

A

exocrine- amylase, lipase, trypsin, serum typsinlike immunoreactivity TLI , serum pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity

endocrine - glucose, fructosamine, glucosylated hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are each of the digestive enzymes responsible for breaking down?

A

amylase- breakdown starch and glucose
lipase- breakdown fatty acid chains of lipids
trypsin - breakdown of proteins ingested in food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which hormone, produced by pancreas, effects glucose levels in blood

A

insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

List four things that may cause a rise in glucose levels.

A
  • Epinephrine (fight or flight)
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Glucocorticoids (steroids)
  • Diabetes mellitus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does an increase or decrease in insulin affect glucose levels?

A

A decrease in insulin production means more extracellular glucose

An increase in insulin production means more glucose going into the cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When would we use a whole blood sample for testing glucose?

A

for Glucometer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is fructosamine?

A

measures glucose bound to protein (albumin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
When/why would we use fructosamine levels?
High fructosamine indicates a persistent hyperglycemia over 1-2 weeks
26
How do we normally check for ketones?
Ketones in the urine will indicate ketoacidosis. We check for ketones during urinalysis.
27
What would an increase in ketone levels mean for the patient?
indicates diabetes not being well managed
28
Which test gives us an indication of glucose levels over several months?
glucosylated hemoglobin represents irreversible reaction of hemoglobin bound to glucose 2-3 months cats 3-4 months Dog
29
Explain how to interpret glucose tolerance test results.
challenges pancreas with glucose load. Normal tests: blood levels peak 30 mins after ingestion and return to normal 2 Hr later no glucose in urine. if remains in urine= diabetes mellitus
30
How are trypsin levels detected?
using test tube trypsin test (can also use x-ray test) mix fresh feces with gelatin solution, trypsin will breakdown gelatin and mixture will remain liquid no trypsin= mixture becomes gel
31
What is the TLI test most helpful for diagnosing?
exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
32
Explain how to interpret PLI results.
test for pancreatitis. A negative result indicates that pancreatitis is highly unlikely, and other causes must be investigated. Positive does not rule out other causes such as foreign body or neoplasia. <200 ug/l = normal >400ug/l = active pancreatitis 200-400ug/l = suspect pancreatitis redo or perform ultrasound
33
Where is the CK enzyme produced?
in cytoplasm of cardiac + skeletal muscle cells
34
An increase in CK can indicate what?
heartworm myopathies muscle necrosis
35
What is a limitation of CK testing?
cant test severity or which muscle has been dmged
36
Describe 2 conditions that an increase in lactate can indicate.
- Hypoxia (the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply) - Hypo perfusion (decreased blood flow through an organ)
37
What is the most common use of the lactate assay?
finding colic in foals
38
what is anion
negative charged electrolyte
39
what is cation
positive charged electrolyte
40
what is an electrolyte
positive or negatively charged particles in the body
41
list of Anions
chloride, bicarbonate, phosphorus
42
list of cations
magnesium, potassium , sodium, calcium
43
6 roles of electrolytes
- Maintenance of water balance - Regulation of osmotic balance - Conduction of nerve impulses - Muscle contraction - Activators for enzyme reactions - Regulation of acid-base balance
44
whats ideal sample type for testing electrolytes
serum if using plasma make sure no EDTA or sodium heparin
45
what tubes can you use
red top no anticoagulant and green top lithium heparin
46
how much of bodys calcium is in bones
99%
47
whats common name for hypocalcemia
milk fever may be seen in diabetic patients
48
hypercalcemia may indicate what
renal disease or neoplasia
49
Calcium is inversely related to what other electrolyte? What does that mean
calcium is related to phosphorus ( Increase potassium decrease in calcium )
50
2 main forms of phosphorus and what they mean
Phosphorus in RBC- organic hemolyze samples cant be used for phosphorus Phosphorus extracellular - inorganic what we test for. gives us indication of bodys phosphorus stores
51
3 main reasons for abnormal phosphorus
GI diet kidney disease
52
term used for decreased sodium
hyponatremia
53
most common cause for low sodium in cats and dogs
prolonged diarrhea / vomitting
54
whats pseudo hypernatremia
(dehydrated hypernatremia) increased amount of sodium due to the smaller total volume of blood needing to be more concentrated.
55
what does an increase potassium level do to the heart
cell excitability (abnormal heart rates and rhythms )
56
What sample abnormality can falsely increase potassium levels in plasma
hemolysis
57
what are some signs of low potassium
weakness trembling paralysis
58
What is the preferred sample type for potassium testing?
Plasma is the preferred sample type for potassium testing as platelets may release potassium during clotting
59
How much of the body’s magnesium is found in bone
50%
60
The blood chloride level usually goes up and down in tandem with which other electrolyte
blood sodium levels
61
Which electrolyte is usually associated with acid/base balance
bicarbonate
62
Which electrolyte only shows clinical signs in cattle and sheep
magnesium
63
Which electrolyte is the main cation of extracellular fluid?
sodium
64
Which electrolyte is the main cation of intracellular fluid
potassium
65
Which electrolyte is the main anion of extracellular fluid?
Chloride
66
Which electrolyte requires an arterial blood sample
bicarbonate
67
Which electrolyte has an important role in water distribution, pH regulation of urine and body fluid osmotic pressure?
sodium
68
Which electrolyte is primarily affected by GI absorption?
magnesium
69
pancreatic insufficiency underlying causes
inherited chronic pancreatitis immune mediated

Lab 3 Test #2 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions