Test3

Question 1

Drug research was done by individual physicians and was little more than luck and practice prior to the ___ century.

Answer 1

Twentieth

1901 - 2000

Question 2

At the end of the _____ century, Paul Ehrlich created a new way of looking at larger scale pharmaceutical research.

Answer 2

19th (nineteenth)

1801 - 1900

Question 3

In 1530 the term for ____ was first applied by physician-poet Girolamo Fracastoro.

Answer 3

syphilis

Question 4

The causative organism of syphilis, _____ ____, was first identified in the early 20th century.

Answer 4

Treponema pallidum

a spirochete: a flexible spirally twisted bacterium

Question 5

The first effective treatment (a type of arsenic) for ____ was developed around 1910 by Hata in Ehrlich’s laboratory.

Answer 5

syphilis

Question 6

Penicillin was introduced in the _____.

Answer 6

1940’s

1943

Question 7

Syphilis is effectively and reliably cured by _____.

Answer 7

penicillin

Question 8

Gasparo Tagliacozzi in the 16th century invented the “free flap” surgery to help patients whose noses had been deformed by _____.

Answer 8

syphilis

16th c. = 1501 - 1600 (approx. bc Gregorian calendar introduced in 1582)

Question 9

Spirochetes are spiral-shaped bacteria and some of them cause

Answer 9

syphilis, yaws, and Lyme disease

Question 10

Thyphus is not an actual illness, it is a group of closely related disease caused by

Answer 10

rickettsia bacteria

Question 11

Typhus is a group of closely related disease caused by rickettsia bacteria that are transmitted to humans via

Answer 11

lice
fleas
mites or 
ticks
(the insects are brought by other animals)

Question 12

Typhus, a group of infectious disease that appear with a sudden onset of headache, chills, fever, and proceed to ___ and toxemia.

Answer 12

rash

toxemia: toxic substance in the blood

Question 13

Typhus and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever are part of a group of diseases caused by _____ bacteria

Answer 13

rickettsia

Question 14

The ______ disaster occurred between 1959 and 1962 to pregnant mothers.

Answer 14

Thalomide

Question 15

Gram ____ bacteria stain purple and have a single thick cell wall.

Answer 15

positive

Question 16

Gram negative bacteria stain pink because they have ____ layers of a cell wall.

Answer 16

thin

Question 17

At the end of Phase II clinical trials are subject to ___ evaluation.

Answer 17

FDA

Question 18

Drug interactions are determined in Phase __ clinical trials.

Answer 18

III

Question 19

Drug _____ and pharmacokinetics are integral parts of the pre-clinical development process.

Answer 19

metabolism

usually completed on animals or lab compounds

Question 20

Healthy, rather than sick, volunteers are recruited for Phase __ clinical trials.

Answer 20

I

Question 21

The safety profile of a drug is completed during Phase __ clinical trials.

Answer 21

I

Question 22

Double-blind, randomized controlled trials are usually in Phase __.

Answer 22

II

Question 23

Metabolism, toxicity, adverse reactions, how the drug affects organs and bodily processes and elimination are tested in Phase __ of clinical trials.

Answer 23

I

Question 24

___ (Coumadine) was a rat poison before being identified as an anti-coagulant.

Answer 24

Warfarin

Other blood thinners include:
Heparin, Lovanox, Aspirin, Plavix

Question 25

___ is a cardiac glycoside used to treat heart conditions

Answer 25

Digitalis

Question 26

SSRIs (selective seretonin reuptake inhibitors) are a class of _______.

Answer 26

anti-depressants

Question 27

Insulin was isolated from the secretions of the _____ cells as a treatment for diabetes.

Answer 27

islet | beta cells of the islets of the pancreas

Question 28

Clusters of islets or _________ are hormone-producing regions of the pancreas.

Answer 28

Islets of Langerhans (endocrine function) Alpha cells: glucagon Beta cells: insulin Delta cells: somatostatin PP cells: pancreatic polypeptide

Question 29

endocrine = _____-producing

Answer 29

hormone

Question 30

exocrine cells of the pancreas produce digestive ______

Answer 30

enzymes

Question 31

The pancreatic ____ are clusters of cells that produce digestive enzymes and secretions and make up the bulk of the pancreas.

Answer 31

acini

Question 32

Bicarbonate is secreted from the epithelial cells lining small ______ ducts.

Answer 32

pancreatic

Question 33

Trypsin and chymotrypsin to digest proteins; amylase for the digestion of carbohydrates; and lipase to break down fats are enzymes produced by exocrine cells of the _____.

Answer 33

pancreas

Question 34

The bulk of the pancreas is composed of _____ cells that produce enzymes to help with the digestion of food. These exocrine cells release their enzymes into a series of progressively larger tubes (called ducts) that eventually join together to form the main pancreatic duct.

Answer 34

“exocrine” or acini

Question 35

_______ is secreted from the epithelial cells lining small pancreatic ducts.

Answer 35

Bicarbonate

Question 36

Alpha cells of the pancreas secrete _____; | Beta cells produce _________.

Answer 36

glucagon, insulin

Question 37

Glucagon's role in the body is to prevent blood glucose levels dropping too low. To do this, it acts on the liver in several ways: It stimulates the conversion of stored _______ (stored in the liver) to glucose, which can be released into the bloodstream. This process is called _________.

Answer 37

glycogen glycogenolysis

Question 38

Insulin is a ______ hormone. This means insulin cannot enter a cell without a receptor.

Answer 38

peptide

Question 39

A confounding variable or a ______ is something that affects both the independent (cause) variable and dependent (effect) variable.

Answer 39

confounder

Question 40

________ means the distortion of the association between the independent and dependent variables because a third causative variable has not been accounted for.

Answer 40

Confounding

Question 41

____ crystallography is a technique that relies on the interaction of electromagnetic radiation in the range of 0.01–10 nm (though typically 0.05–0.3 nm) with matter in crystalline form so that the structures of the crystallized molecules can be determined with resolution down to their individual atoms.

Answer 41

X-ray

Question 42

In 1945 Dorothy Hodgkin solved the structure of _____ using X-ray crystallography.

Answer 42

penicillin

Question 43

Finding the molecular structure of penicillin was important to make derivatives of it and these derivatives were more bioavailable to destroy a wider range of _______.

Answer 43

bacteria

Question 44

What is NMR?

Answer 44

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance used in MRI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kmfmGhI8l9E

Question 45

What is the net charge of a Hydrogen nucleus?

Answer 45

+1

Question 46

Every chemical _____ has one or more isotopes.

Answer 46

element

Question 47

An ____ is first identified and labeled according to the number of protons in its nucleus.

Answer 47

atom

Question 48

______ are atoms with the same number of protons but that have a different number of neutrons.

Answer 48

Isotopes

Question 49

The twentieth century includes the years:

Answer 49

1901 - 2000

Question 50

The nineteenth century includes the years:

Answer 50

1801 - 1900

Question 51

The sixteenth century includes the years:

Answer 51

1501 - 1600 | approx. bc Gregorian calendar introduced in 1582

Question 52

Blood thinners include:

Answer 52

Warfarin, Heparin, Lovanox, Aspirin, Plavix

Question 53

Trypsin and chymotripsin digest:

Answer 53

proteins

Question 54

Amylase digests

Answer 54

carbohydrates

Question 55

Elements in the periodic table are classified according to the number of _____ in the nucleus: the atomic number.

Answer 55

protons

Question 56

a process performed or taking place in a test tube, culture dish, or elsewhere outside a living organism is called:

Answer 56

in vitro

Question 57

T or F. Immunological assays are used to identify and quantify molecules whose levels differ in healthy and diseased individuals.

Answer 57

T

Question 58

T or F. Molecular Biology applies key technologies such as bioinformatics, cloning, gene expression analysis and cellular high-throughput assays to discover drug targets in novel disease areas.

Answer 58

T

Question 59

Finding preliminary data on the efficacy of the drug on certain diseases or illnesses usually requires double-blind, _____ controlled trials, comparing the effects of a placebo versus the effects of the drug.

Answer 59

randomized

Question 60

Protein crystallography aids in drug discovery and lead optimization by providing 3-D structures of target-lead complexes at the ___ level.

Answer 60

atomic

Question 61

T or F. Simple biochemical assays, such as radioligand binding assays or protease assays, are crucial tools for drug discovery.

Answer 61

T

Question 62

Phase __, in which hundreds of volunteers are usually recruited, emphasizes the effectiveness of the drug.

Answer 62

II