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Urinalysis CCMLS > testing > Flashcards

testing Flashcards

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1
Q

urinometer

A

tests SG
add 0.001 for every 3 degress above calibrated temp
subtract 0.001 for every 3 degrees below calibrated temp
subtract 0.003 for each g. of protein
subtract 0.004 for each g. of glucose

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2
Q

refractometer

A

measures SG; refractive index
calibrated with distilled water 1.000
read line while pointed at light

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3
Q

isosthenuria

A

same SG 1.010 as plasma filtrate

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4
Q

hyposthenuria

A

SG <1.010

due to increased hydration, diabetes insipidus

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5
Q

hypersthenuria

A

SG >1.010

dehydration, diabetes mellitus, IVP dye

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6
Q

pH normal values

A

4.5-8.0 (see closer to 6-7)

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7
Q

pH indicates

A

acidosis/ alkalosis

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8
Q

pH test

A

double indicator: methyl red and bromothymol blue

measures amount of H+

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9
Q

pH test interference

A

increased bacterial growth increases pH

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10
Q

protein normal values

A

negative/trace

trace do SSA

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11
Q

protein test type

A

protein error of indicators
pH @3
albumin accepts H+ === color change
yellow===green===blue (albumin)

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12
Q

protein test interference

A

false +; detergents, increased pigmented urine

false -: microalbuminuria

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13
Q

clinical significance of protein

A

nephropathy, injury, toxic agents

prerenal, postrenal, renal, and tubular disorders

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14
Q

protein changes on standing

A

decrease as break down

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15
Q

SSA

A

cold ppt. test

reacts w/ all forms of protein

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16
Q

glucose normal values

A

0

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17
Q

glucose test

A

glucose oxidase double sequential enzyme reaction

measures glucose

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18
Q

clinical significance of glucose testing

A

diabetes, inborn error of metabolism, hyperglycemia, glycosuria,

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19
Q

glucose test interference

A

false +: oxidizing agents (peroxide), detergents

false - : vit C, high ketones, high SG, low temp

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20
Q

clinitest

A 
reacts with all reducing sugars
relux for glucose + patients under 2 years old- galactose GALT
copper reduction test (exothermic) 
watch for pass through
(-) blue/green==yellow==orange/red (+)
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21
Q

glucose critical levels

A

3+ & 4+ call the floor

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22
Q

KETONE NORMAL

A

0

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23
Q

sodium nitroprusside test

A

measures acetoacetic acid in alkaline medium (purple color)

measures ketones

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24
Q

acetest tablets

A

measure ketones

sodium nitroprusside with lactose give a better color

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25
clinical significance of ketones
diabetic acidosis, malabsorption, alcoholism, inborn errors of amino acid metabolism, starvation
26
renal threshold of glucose
160-180 mg/dL
27
renal threshold of glucose
160-180 mg/dL
28
ketone test interference
false +: increased pigmented urine, levodopa, meds with sulph grps., phthalein dyes false - : improper preservation
29
glucose changes on standing
decrease as bacteria proliferate and use glucose
30
critical values ketones
4+ call the floor
31
ketone changes on standing
decrease
32
blood test normal
negative/ trace
33
blood test
pseudoperoxidase of Hgb to catalyse reaction btwn heme and chromogen (blue/green color)
34
clinical significance of blood test
hematuria, myoglobinuria, hemoglobinuria
35
interference with blood test
false +: oxidizing reagents, bacterial peroxidases, menstral contamination, myoglobin false - : high SG, crenated cells, formalin, high nitrite, high vit. c
36
myoglobin precipitation test
ammonium sulfate ppt. hemoglobin and myoglobin stays in supernatant which will be a red color
37
changes on standing with blood
rbc lyse, increase/decrease depending on time
38
biliruibin normal levels
negative
39
bilirubin test
diazo reaction: bilirubin + 2,4 dichloroaniline diazonium salt produces azo dye tan==pink==violet
40
bilirubin test clinical significance
hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver disorders, billary obstruction
41
bilirubin reflux test
ictotest: SSA, p-nitrobenzene diazonium p toulenesulfate bilirubin stays on surface of the mat blue==purple (+)
42
bilirubin test interference
false+: increased pigmented urine, indican | false - : exposure to light, vit c, increased nitrite
43
bilirubin change on standing
decrease
44
urobilinogen test normal
negative 0.1-0.2 mg/dL
45
urobilinogen test
multistix: Ehrlich rxn (urobilinogen reacts with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde) light pink==dark pink (+) chemstrip: diazo reaction (urobilinogen reacts with 4 methyloxybenzene-diazonium-tetrafluoroborate) *more specific white==pink
46
urobilinogen test clinical significance
liver disease, hepatitis, cirrhosis, carcinoma, hemolytic disorders
47
urobilinogen test interference
false +: porphobilinogen, indican, increased pigmented urine | false - : old specimen, formalin, increased nitrite
48
urobilinogen change on standing
decrease
49
watson swartz test
differences btwn urobilinogen, porphobilinogen, and Ehrlich compounds URO will extract into chloroform/butanol PORPHO will not extract and stay in urine Ehrlich will extract into butanol but not chloroform tube 1: urine, chlorine, sodium acetate tube 2: urine, butanol, sodium acetate if both tubes are red all the way through- chloroform tube take top layer and do additional chloroform extraction to test for excess URO
50
nitrate test normal
negative
51
nitrate test
greiss reaction: nitrite reacts w/ aromatic amine to prod. diazonium compound which reacts with tetrahydrobenzoquinolin pink colored azo dye nothing===pink
52
clinical significance of nitrite test
UTI, pyelonephritis, AB therapy monitoring, screening urine for culture
53
nitrite test interference
false +: increased pigmented urine, improper preservation of sample false - : non reductase bacteria, lack or urinary nitrate, not enough time for bacteria to reduce, increased vit, c, increased SG antibiotics
54
nitrite change on standing
increased
55
leukocyte esterase test normal levels
negative/ trace
56
LE test
LE catalyzes hydrolysis of acid ester on pad. Aromatic compound + acid= aromatic + diazonium salt = purple azo dye nothing==purple longest test at 2 mins.
57
LE test clinical significance
UTI, inflammation
58
LE test interference
false +: oxidizing substances, increased pigmented urine, formalin false - : increased protein, increased glucose, vit c,
59
LE changes on standing
no change; long term decrease
60
Specific gravity test normal levels
1.015-1.025
61
SG test
pKa change of polyelectrolyte which ionizes releasing H+ in proportion to # of ions in solution blue==green==yellow multistix: maleic anhydride chemstrip; tetraacetic acid
62
SG test clinical significance
monitor hydration, loss of renal tubular concentration ability, diabetes insipidous
63
SG test interference
false +: increased protein | false - : highly alkaline urine
64
SG changes on standing
no significant change

Urinalysis CCMLS (5 decks)

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