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TESTING Flashcards

1
Q

what is software testing?

A

Software testing is known as a process forvalidating and verifyingthe working of a software/application. It makes sure that the software is working without any errors, bugs, or any other issues and gives the expected output to the user.

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2
Q

what is a test case?

A

A test case is a defined format for software testing required to check if a particular application/software is working or not.
A test case consists of a certain set of conditions that need to be checked to test an application or software

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3
Q

what are types of testing?

A

Unit Testing
Integration Testing
System Testing
Acceptance Testing.

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4
Q

what is unit testing?

A

first level of testing performed by the dev

we test the smallest testable part - units

module or component is tested in isolation

Advantage – Error can be detected at an early stage saving time and money to fix it.

Limitation – modules may work perfectly on isolation but can have issues in interfacing between the modules.

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5
Q

what are units?

A

Unit testing is a software development process in which the smallest testable parts of an application, called units, are individually and independently tested.

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6
Q

why are modules tested independently?

A

In unit testing, the individual modules are tested as independent components to ensure that they work correctly and are fit to be assembled/integrated with other components.

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7
Q

when is integration testing performed?

A

Once individual components are unit tested, integration testing is carried out.

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8
Q

what is integration testing?

A

it is the second level of testing

individual components of the software are tested in a group.

to expose defects at the time of interaction between integrated components or units.

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9
Q

what is the goal of integration testing?

A

Unit testing uses modules for testing purpose, and these modules are combined and tested in integration testing.

The Software is developed with a number of software modules that are coded by different coders or programmers. The goal of integration testing is to check the correctness of communication among all the modules.

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10
Q

other names of integration testing?

A

I and T testing
String testing
Thread testing

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11
Q

what are types of integration testing?

A

Incremental Testing
Non-incremental testing

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12
Q

what are types of incremental testing?

A

Top-down Integration
Bottom-Up Integration
Hybrid Integration

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13
Q

what are types of non incremental testing?

A

Big-Bang Integration

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14
Q

what is top down approach?

A

The top-down testing strategy deals with the process in which higher level modules are tested with lower level modules until the successful completion of testing of all the modules.

to simulate the behaviour of the lower-level modules that are not yet integrated.

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15
Q

what are stubs?

A

Stubs are the modules that act as temporary replacement for a called module and give the same output as that of the actual product.

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16
Q

what is drivers?

A

Calls the Module to be tested.

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17
Q

difference between stubs and drivers?

A

Stub: Is called by the Module under Test.
Driver: Calls the Module to be tested.

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18
Q

what is bottom up method?

A

in which lower level modules are tested with higher level modules until the successful completion of testing of all the modules.

tests the lowest components of a code base first

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19
Q

how are modules in bottom up?

A

modules we are addingare the parent of the previous one

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20
Q

how are modules in top down

A

module we are adding is thechild of the previous one like Child C is a child of Child B

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21
Q

what is hybrid testing?

A

also called sandwich integration

combination of the bottom-up approach and top-down approach, so it uses the advantage of both the bottom-up approach and top-down approach.

In this process, top-level modules are tested with lower level modules and lower level modules tested with high-level modules simultaneously.

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22
Q

what is big bang integration?

A

when the data flow is very complex and when it is difficult to find who is a parent and who is a child.

all the modules are first required to be completed and then integrated. After integration, testing is carried out on the integrated unit as a whole.

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23
Q

what is system testing?

A

third level of testing

testing of a fully integrated software system.

It aims at determining if the application conforms to its business requirements.

System testing is a series of different type of tests with the purpose to exercise and examine the full working of an integrated software computer system

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24
Q

what is acceptance testing?

A

final and one of the most important levels of testing on successful completion of which the application is released to production.

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25
what are types of acceptance testing
alpha and beta
26
what is alpha testing?
When acceptance testing is carried out by testers or some other internal employees of the organization at the developer’s site it is known as alpha testing.
27
what is beta testing?
User acceptance testing done by end-users at the end-user’s site is called beta testing.
28
what is validation testing
The process of evaluating software during the development process or at the end of the development process to determine whether it satisfies specified business requirements. We check whether the developed product is right. Validation is also known as dynamic testing. Validation Testing ensures that the product actually meets the client's needs.
29
what is verification testing?
It is a process of checking the work-products (not the final product) of a development cycle to decide whether the product meets the specified requirements. static type of testing We check whether we are developing the right product or not. does not involve exe of code. catches errors that validation cant
30
which is static testing?
verification
31
which is dynamic testing?
validation
32
input and output in BB testing?
tester provides an input and an observer observes the output generated by the system under test.
32
what is black box testing?
In Black Box Testing we just focus on inputs and output of the software system without bothering about internal knowledge of the software program.
32
how does BB excersises?
end to end just like end-users “don’t care” how a system is coded and expect to receive an appropriate response to their requests
33
what are BB testing tech?
equivalence partitioning boundary value analysis
34
what is eq partitioning?
a tech where we divide input values into valid and invalid partitions and selecting representative values from each partition as test data
35
how is eq partitioning applied?
any level of testing
36
what is the idea behind eq part?
to divide a set of test conditions into groups or sets that can be considered the same hence eq part
37
in eq part how are input values set into classes for testing?
valid input class invalid input class
38
what are guidelines of eq part?
* range condition is given as an input, then one valid and two invalid equivalence classes are defined.  *specific value is given as input, then one valid and two invalid equivalence classes are defined.  * member of set is given as an input, then one valid and one invalid equivalence class is defined.  * If Boolean no. is given as an input condition, then one valid and one invalid equivalence class is defined. 
39
when is one valid and one invalid input is given as eq class?
if a Boolean no is given as input if a member set is given as input
40
when is one valid and two invalid eq classes are defined?
if a spc value is given if a range is given
41
what is boundary value testing?
The behavior at the edge of the equivalence partition is more likely to be incorrect than the behavior within the partition, so boundaries are an area where testing is likely to yield defects. testing at the extreme ends
42
for each variable we check?
min min+1 nominal max max-1
43
what is white box testing
here the internal structure/design/implementation of the item being tested is known to the tester tester has access to source code to test software internal logic flow and structure used to detect logical errors
44
why use white box testing
to detect logical errors to debug a code finding typographical errors
45
what are tech of white box testing
statement coverage branch and decision coverage path coverage basis path testing
46
what is statement coverage
all the statements must be traversed at least once each line of code is tested every node is traversed at least once we can identify which statement was exe and which was not only covers true conditions
47
what is the formula of statement coverage?
number of statement exe/total no of statements *100
48
what is branch coverage
covers both true and false conditions
49
what is formula of decision coverage
number of decision outcomes exe/total number of dec outcomes*100
50
what is CFG
control flow graph A control flow graph is a directed graph which represents the control structure of a program or module. A control flow graph (V, E) has V number of nodes/vertices and E number of edges in it it has junction node decision node region
51
what is a junction node
a node with more than one arrow entering it
52
what is a decision node
node with more than one arrow leaving it
53
what is a region
area bounded by edges and nodes
54
what are the formulas of cyclomatic complexity
V(G) = edges - nodes + 2 V(G) = predicate node +1 V(G) = number of internal region + 1
55
what are predicate nodes
P is the number of connected components
56
what is an independent path
An independent path in the control flow graph is the one which introduces at least one new edge that has not been traversed before the path is defined.
57
how to find independent path
cyclomatic complexity
58
what is condition testing
Condition testing is a test cased design method, which ensures that the logical condition and decision statements are free from errors
59
what is loop testing
It specifically focuses on the validity of loop construction as Errors often occur at the beginnings and ends of loops.
60
what are nested loops
Loops within loops are called as nested loops. Start with inner loop. set all other loops to minimum values. Conduct simple loop testing on inner loop. Work outwards. Continue until all loops tested.
61
what are concatenated loops
 Independent loops, one after another.
62
what is OOA model?
object oriented analysis model the first technical activity performed as part of object-oriented software engineering.
63
what is OOD?
object oriented design model
64
which testing uses only BB
beta
65
which testing uses both BB and WB
alpha
66
what is regression testing?
identify that if there's any defect in the system due to modification in any other part of the system. It makes sure, any changes done during the development process have not introduced a new defect

OOSE (11 decks)

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