tests Flashcards

Question

Gratitude, Resentment, and Appreciation Test

Answer 1

Gratitude as a multidimensional: appreciation to others and simple appreciation (to non-social sources), sense of abundance (absence of resentment)

Answer 2

Coping Humour Scale (CHS) Situational Humour Response Questionnaire (SHRQ) Humour Style Questionnaire (HSQ)

Answer 3

Defense Mechanisms ~ a way that the ego deals with anxiety Repression ~ submerge into the unconscious Displacement ~ transfer of feelings from the real object onto someone/something else Denial ~ denying the anxious provoking situation Reaction Formation ~ Individual has a prohibitive emotion towards someone or something so not only denies that it exist but makes it seem like the opposite is true Undoing ~ compensating for a terrible behaviour that cannot be undone Sublimation ~ turning socially unacceptable things into something productive Humour ~ more mundane form of sublimation but channeling frustration and depression into jokes Regression ~ go to an earlier mental state of age that was easier Projection ~ identifying conflicts about yourself onto other people Some Defense mechanisms are “mature” such as altruism, humour, suppression, anticipation, and sublimation

Answer 4

Use factor analysis to reveal basic traits of personality Surface trait – obvious traits of personality Source traits – stable and constant sources of behaviour 16-20 Personality factors identified Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) which is a paper/pencil formatting

Answer 5

Goldberg found several consistencies that he referred to as the “Big Five” dimensions Openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (OCEAN) (CANOE) Using trait terms in the analysis of personality is based upon the fundamental lexical hypothesis Fundamental Lexical Hypothesis ~ traits convey important information about our dealing with others Five factor come out repeated when people describe themselves with traits, it has evolutionary plausibility for survival and reproductive Costa and McCrae: The Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI)

Answer 6

Q-techniques (Q-sort) Procedure for studying changes in the self-concept A key element of self theory/q-sort is a large number of cars with printed statements on them and examinees sorts these cards on a 9-point scale from least like me to most like me Examinee may be compared t norm groups or ideal sorts (real sort ~ sort cards that best describes you | ideal sort ~ sort cards in a way you would like your ideal person to be) Q-sort technique was the first designed as a therapy outcome test

Answer 7

Projective divided into five categories: Association to inkblots o words (Rorschach Inkblot Test) Construction of stories or consequences (TAT) Completion of Sentences or Stories Arrangement/Selection of Pictures or Verbal Choices (Szondi Test)

Answer 8

5 are black/grey, 5 are coloured Ages 5+ The Comprehensive System - The method for scoring inkblot test Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS): - newest version for scoring - First establish rapport, sit next to the client, for each card examiner ask examinee “What might this be?” and must provide four responses (affords better fit with norms), the examiner scores test and patient is scored on location, content, form quality, thought processes, determinants - Very controversial and low reliability and lack of predictive validity Supporters cite improvements in scoring offered by Exner ~ efforts to improve standardization and slightly improved reliability and validity Further improvements with R-PAS assessment system

Answer 9

Examine presented with a series of stem consisting of the first few words of a sentence and must provide an ending Completed sentence reflect internal motivation, attitudes, and etc. Two ways of interpretations: subjective- intuitive analysis of the underlying motivations or objective analysis by means of scores assigned to each completed sentence Loveinger’s Washington University Sentence Completion test (very theory bound) and Rotter Incompletion Sentence Bank (strongest empirical underpinning and is most widely used in clinical settings)

Answer 10

3 similar forms: high school, college, and adult It has 40 sentences Objective and quantitative scoring Each sentence receives adjustment score of ”0” (good adjustment) through ”6” (poor adjustment) Omission: no response or response too short (no score); conflict response: indicative of hostility or unhappiness; positive response: indicative of positive or hopeful attitude; neutral response: either positive or negative (no score)

Answer 11

30 pictures that portrays a variety of subject matters and themes in black/white and one card is blank Pictures of people engaging in ambiguous activities Examine makes up a story about each picture; what lead to the current scene, what is happening, how characters are thinking and feeling and what is the outcome TAT developed by Henry Murray which was originally measure the construct of needs and press Needs organize perception, thought, action, and energize behaviour in the direction of their satisfaction Press refers to the power of environmental events in influencing people Alpha press is the objective or “real” external forces while beta press is subjective and perceived components of the external forces The hero of the story typically represents the examinee and they identify with them and project their needs and striving and feeling onto this hero Pictures set you up for negativity, sad facial expression, and dark colour

Answer 12

General purpose instrument with improved psychometric qualities Developers note that the TAT pictures exert a negative “pull” on storytelling (dark shades) PPT based on pictures from the Family of Man (pictures show more meaningful projective material, have more than one human character, about half show positive affection expression between humans, and about half show humans in active poses) Much more positive in thematic content and emotional tone, more active, greater emphasis on interpersonal themes

Answer 13

Direct extension of the TAT 10 pictures for ages 3-10 years old Animal version for younger children (animals in human settings, children identify with animals better) Personality description based on 10 variables: main theme, main hero, main needs and drives of hero, conception of environment, perception of parental, contemporary, and junior figures, conflicts, anxieties, defenses, adequacy of hero, integration of ego Lack of psychometric scoring, reliability, and validity

Answer 14

Developed for ethnic, racial, and linguistic minorities Thompson TAT – African American Figures TEMAS – Hispanic Persons

Answer 15

Goodenough used the Draw-A-Man task for estimating intelligence Karen Machover created the “Draw-A-Person” test which is widely used Examinee gets a blank sheet of paper and pencil and easer and is asked to draw a person, then they are instructed to draw another person of the opposite sex of the first person, and then they’re asked to make up a story Interpreted in a clinical-intuitive manner More appropriate for screening of children suspected of behaviours disorder and emotional disturbances

Answer 16

reehand drawing of a house, tree, and person Examinee has complete freedom, one in pencil, one in crayon Originally intelligence test House drawing mirrors examinee’s home life and intrafamilial relationships, tree drawing reflects the way the examinee experiences the environment, person drawing echoes examinees interpersonal

Answer 17

Based on Murray’s need-press theory of personality Murray found 15 needs and developed the TAT test to identify those needs Jackson expanded these needs and produced several forms of assessment Personality Research form exists as parallel long forms (form AA and BB) 440 T/F which yields 20 personality scale scores and two validity scores: infrequency and desirability Most popular PFR is “E” which as 22 scales and modified 352 items Used mostly on college students Very easy readability: only need to be in 5th-6th grade Good predictor of job performance

Answer 18

Self report measure of anxiety used in clinical settings Current version: Y Also available to children and translated in 40 languages Purpose is to differentiate between the temporary condition of state anxiety and the more long-standing quality of trait anxiety - State Anxiety ~ transitory emotional state characterized by apprehension and tension and by activation of the automatic nervous system State scale measures how a person feels in that moment and it fluctuates in response to environment - Trait Anxiety ~ relatively stable individual differences in anxiety proneness – scale assesses how a person feel “generally” Good for research and clinical application and very reliable and valid

Answer 19

Designed to measure the major dimensions of normal and abnormal personality Three major dimensions of personality: Psychoticism (P); Extraversion (E); Neuroticism (N) EPQ has scales to measure these dimensions and incorporate a Lie (L) scale Yes/No Questions and used for ages 16+ Junior EPQ: 7-15 High P scores includes high on aggressive, hostile, impulsive, preferences for odd things (antisocial and schizoid patient) and low P scale on empathy and interpersonal sensitivity High E score on loud, outgoing, fun-loving and Low E score on introverted, solitude, and quiet High N scores includes nervous, maladjusted, over-emotional and Low N includes stable and confident

Answer 20

Short, self-report, suitable for college students and adults 8 Personality scales with items divided equally between positively and negatively worded statements – there is also a validity check and assessment of social desirability bias CPS scale includes a validity check, response bias, trust vs. defensiveness, orderliness vs. lack of compulsion, social conformity vs. rebelliousness, mental toughness vs. sensitivity, empathy vs. egocentrism

Answer 21

567 T/F personality inventory originally used for psychiatric diagnosis Scales were developed by contrasting item responses of psychiatric patients with items of control subjects Requires sixth grade reading level Has a four validity, ten clinical scales, dozens of supplementary scales - Validity: cannot say (items omitted); L (items scored in false direction); F (items answered by normal subjects); K (detects forms of defensiveness) - Interpretation: scale by scale (validity of test is determined by inspecting the four validity scales) or configural (classifying profile as belonging to one or another loosely defined code types)

Answer 22

Designed to provide information for psychiatric diagnosis (like MMPI) Advantages over MMPI: much shorter and clinical patterns patterns compatible with DSM of the APA Theory-driven test from Millon’s elaborate theoretical formulations on the nature of psychopathology and personality disorder 27 scales: 11 personality traits; 3 severe personality pathology; 7 clinical syndromes (anxiety and depression); and 3 severe clinical syndromes; 3 validity (disclosure, desirability, debasement, defensiveness) Reliability is good and validity is mixed agreement

Answer 23

5-19 years old for T/F completed by parent Children’s emotional and behavioural adjustment in the home, school, community Personality Inventory for Youth: Filled out by child, Student Behaviour Survey: Filled out by Teacher 3 responses validity scales (inconsistency, dissimulation, deliberate exaggeration, defensiveness) and 9 adjustment scales Theory consistent with relationship with DSM for children

Answer 24

Behavioural Avoidance Test ~ measures how long the client can tolerate the anxiety-inducing stimulus Fear Survey Schedule ~ device that require respondents to indicate the presence and intensity of their fears in relations to various stimuli

Answer 25

Axis I includes the clinical disorders (substance disorder, anxiety disorder, major depression) Axis II includes the personality disorders Axis III includes the general medical conditions Axis IV includes the psychosocial and environmental problems (loss of friends, unemployment) Axis V includes the Global Assessment Function Scale

Answer 26

Reduces complexity of clinical phenomena Facilitates communication between clinicians Predicts outcome of disorder Decides treatment Determines prevalence of disease worldwide Decision about insurance coverage

Answer 27

Takes a lot of time Does not specify method for arriving at the diagnosis Interrater agreement is only high for some diagnoses and low for others

Answer 28

Evaluating Axis I mood and psychotic disorders Semistructured with standard questions Part 1 includes the axis symptoms for the current episode, worst period, and current week Part 2 includes the survey of past episodes Questions allow examiner to determine severity of disturbance and its diagnosis Reliable and valid and the kappa coefficient greater than .85 This is known as the gold standard

Answer 29

SCID-I for axis I diagnoses SCID-II for axis II diagnoses SCID-P for determining the different diagnosis in the psychotic symptoms SCID-NP for nonpatient setting where current psychiatric disorder is unlikely Examiner reads questions to examinee in sequence and based on an

Answer 30

Six categories of classroom behaviour and its classifies behaviours as active engagement, passive engagment, off-task motor, off-task verbal, and off-task passive Threats to validity – observer drift (observer becomes fatigued and less vigilant over time and misses behaviour); observer expectation, coding complexity

Answer 31

Direct observation: form of behavioural assessment, design a coding scheme and then go and observe the behaviour Primarily used for assessment for children, especially in school settings Systematic, direct observation is highly structured Five characteristics: measure specific behaviour, operationally define target behaviour before hand, observations under objective and standardized procedures, times and place carefully specified, and scoring is standardized Objective and structured coding system Approaches includes simple frequency counting of behaviours within discrete time periods & record duration of behaviour Direct link to intervention

Answer 32

Closely related to systematic and direct observation The difference in the settings of observation (systematic is natural setting) Clients observed in a contrived but plausible setting and area instructed to engage in relevant tasks that are designed to elicit behaviour of interest Create a state of affairs analogous to pivotal situations in real life

Answer 33

Came from advances in wireless connectivity “Real-time measurement of patient experience in the real world and at the point of experience” Device beeps when it needs responses several time a day – less than a minute to response Avoids recalls biases: more accurate portrayal of episodes; and recency bias: people more likely to recall recent events More accurate and reliable approach to assessing patients experience than retrospective questionnaires It cannot be fake and it cannot be used for research of treatments, but it can be used to test psychological theories

Answer 34

generated a guidelines that trial judges may use in determining the admissibility of expert testimony Is the proposed theory testable? Has the proposed theory been tested using valid and reliable procedures? What is the known or potential error rate of the scientific theory or technique? What standards controlling the technique’s operation maximize its validity? Has the theory been generally accepted as a valid by a relevant scientific community? Do the expert’s conclusions reasonably follow from applying the theory to this case?

Answer 35

the intentional production of false or grossly exaggerated physical or psychological symptoms, motivated by external incentives such as avoiding military duties, avoiding work, obtaining financial compensation, evading criminal prosecution, or obtaining drugs

Answer 36

172 item interview schedule for malingering It was based on strategies identified in the clinical literature as potentially useful for detecting malingering Rare Symptoms Symptoms Combinations Improbable or Absurd Symptoms Blatant Symptoms Subtle Symptoms Severity of Symptoms Selectivity of Symptoms Reported vs. Observed Symptoms There were five supplementary scales are used to interpret response styles 32 repeated inquiries to detect inconsistency of responding

Answer 37

50 item visual recognition test that includes two learning trials and an optional retention trial The secret to the test is that it appears to be difficult, while actually it is quite easy Malingerers encounter an enticing opportunity to perform poorly, whereas other complete the task with near perfect 44/45 is considered to be normal, but anything lower is considered to be malingering

Answer 38

Oldest! It states that the jury ought to be told in all cases that every man is to be presumed to be sane, and to possess a degree of reasons to be responsible for his crime; until it to be proved otherwise

Answer 39

Guilty of the crime Not guilty of the crime Not guilty by reason of insanity Guilty but mentally ill

Answer 40

he defendant’s capacity to understand the criminal processes, including the role of the participate in that process The defendant’s ability to function in that process, primarily through consulting with counsel in the preparation of the defense The defendant’s capacity, as opposed to willingness, to relate to counsel and understand the proceedings The defendant’s reasonable degree of understanding, as opposed to perfect or complete understanding

Answer 41

Consists of 20 items rating scale carefully designed to assess the qualities of psychopathic personality in a quantitative and empirical fashion Prior to filling out the rating scale, the examiner conducts a lengthy semistructured interview Items are rated on a 3-point scale – “0”means doesn’t apply; “1” means it somewhat applies; “2” definitely applies

Answer 42

the entire range of computer applications in psychological assessment

Answer 43

the decision marker processes information in his/her head to diagnose, classify, or predict behaviour

Answer 44

empirically derived formula is used to diagnose, classify, and predict behaviour

Answer 45

Quick turnaround Inexpensive cost Near-perfect reliability Complete objectivity Measurements application such as flexible adaptive testing virtually require the use of computer for their implementation Computer based reports can speed up the entire consultation process Computer scored and interpreted psychological tests cost considerably less than those produced entirely by clinician efforts Computer simply do not make clerical scoring errors, nor do they vary their methods of stimulus presentation from one day to another They are not distorted by halo effects or other subjective biases that might enter into clinically derived reports

Answer 46

Computers can so dominate the testing process that the clinical psychologists is demoted to a mere clerk – or is removed from the assessment loop entirely Computerization of the testing process raises practical, legal, ethical, and measurement issues that deserve a thoughtful view Skeptics do not attack the practice of computerizing the mechanics of test administration and scoring; these computer applications are seen as efficient and appropriate uses of modern technology Clinicians should not assume that the computerized adaption and the original version of a test produce identical results

Answer 47

A family of procedures that allows for accurate and efficient measurement of ability Most forms of computerized adaptive testing share the following features: Based on extensive pretesting These items response characteristics and a CAT item-selection strategy are programmed into the computer In selecting the next item for presentation, the computer uses the examinee's total history of responses up to that point The computer also estimates the precision of measurement Testing continues until a predetermined level of measurement precision is reached The examinee’s score is based on the difficulty level and other measurement characteristics of items passed

tests Flashcards

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