Tetrapods Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
Characterized by the presence of ___ limbs, some species secondarily ___ these limbs
A
4, lost (ex. snakes)
2
Q
First appeared during the ___
A
Devonian
3
Q
Tetrapods include:
A
Amphibians, Amniotes: Reptiles, Birds, Mammals
4
Q
(Amphibians) Typically have ___ and ___ or ___ adults
A
aquatic young, semi-aquatic, terrestrial
5
Q
(Amphibians) Adults still need to live near ___ or in ___ environments
A
water, moist
6
Q
(Amphibian) skin is ___, ___ and ___
A
smooth, moist, glandular
7
Q
(Amphibian) skin is modified for ___
A
cutaneous respiration
8
Q
(Amphibian) The skin needs to be kept moist to protect against ___
A
drying
9
Q
(Amphibian) breathe with their ___ and ___
A
lungs, skin
10
Q
(Amphibian) ___ are ancestral to amphibians; some lost their ___ secondarily, and only breath through their ___
A
lungs, skin
11
Q
(Amphibians) are ___ or “cold blooded”
A
ectothermic
12
Q
(Amphibians) prefer ___ environments
A
moderately cool
13
Q
(Amphibians) many undergo ___
A
metamorphosis
14
Q
(Amphibians) some species of ___ do not undergo metamorphosis and remain ___, ex. ___
A
salamander, aquatic, Axolotl
15
Q
(Amphibians) some have no ___ larval stage
A
aquatic
16
Q
(Amphibians) 3 modern orders
A
Apoda, Urodela, Anura
17
Q
(Amphibians) Apoda
A
Caecilians
18
Q
(Amphibians) Apoda are ___
A
Limbless
19
Q
(Amphibians) Apoda resemble an ___ with a ___ mouth
A
earthworm, jawed
20
Q
(Amphibians) Apoda eyes are ___ or ___
A
highly reduced, absent
21
Q
(Amphibians) Urodela
A
newts and salamanders
22
Q
(Amphibians) Urodela are ___ amphibians
A
Tailed
23
Q
(Amphibians) Urodela have ___ set at right angles to the trunk
A
limbs
24
Q
(Amphibians) Urodela terrestrial salamanders undergo ___
A
direct development
25
(Amphibians) Some Urodela retain ___ into adulthood
larval features
26
(Amphibians) Anura
frogs and toads
27
(Amphibians) Anura do not have ___
a tail
28
(Amphibians) Anura ___ and ___ are fused
head, trunk
29
(Amphibians) Anura: No frogs or toads retain ___ into adulthood
gills
30
(Amphibians) Anura rely more on their ___ than other amphibians
lungs
31
(Amniotes) Adapted for ___ environments
terrestrial
32
(Amniotes) The ___ protects the embryo from ___ and maintains a ___ filled environment
amniotic egg, drying out, fluid
33
(Amniotes) The mammal ___ is derived from the membranes found in the amniotic egg
placenta
34
(Amniotes) Amniote skin is ___
waterproof
35
(Amniotes) All amniotes breathe entirely with their ___
lungs
36
(Amniotes) Amniotes have larger ___ and higher pressure ___
lungs, circulatory systems
37
(Amniotes) 2 amniote lineages
Sauropsids, Synapsids
38
(Amniotes) Sauropsids
Reptiles, Birds
39
(Amniote) Synapsids
Mammals
40
(Reptiles) Characterized by ___ skin
scaly
41
(Reptiles) Scales are made of ___ and ___ to prevent water loss
keratin, waxy lipids
42
(Reptiles) Regularly ___ their skin to accommodate growth
shed
43
(Reptiles) Most reptiles are ___
ectothermic
44
(Reptiles) Most reptiles have a ___ heart
3-chambered
45
(Reptiles) ___ have a 4-chambered heart
Crocodilians
46
(Reptiles) Diversity
Testudines
Lepidosauria: Squamata, Sphenodonta
Archosauria: Crocodilia
47
(Reptiles) The traditionally defined class Reptilia excludes ___
birds
48
(Reptiles) Testudines
turtles and tortoises
49
(Reptiles) Testudines have no teeth; ___ are used instead
keratinized plates
50
(Reptiles) Turtles and tortoise have a ___
2-part shell: Carapace (Dorsal), Plastron (Ventral)
51
(Reptiles) All turtles are ___
oviparous
52
(Reptiles) Squamata
lizards and snakes
53
(Reptiles) Squamata make up ___ of all extant reptiles
95%
54
(Reptiles) Most Squamata have a ___ skull, skull has ___
kinetic, multiple movable joints
55
(Reptiles) Squamata lizards are ___, snakes are ___
paraphyletic, monophyletic
56
(Reptiles) Some Squamata are ___
viviparous
57
(Reptiles) Most lizards have ___ limbs, ___ bodies, and an ___
4, short, external ear opening
58
(Reptiles) Most lizards have movable ___
eyelids
59
(Reptiles) Lizard vision is keen for ___
daylight
60
(Reptiles) Snakes skull is more ___ than that of lizards
kinetic
61
(Reptiles) Snakes lack ___, ___, and ___, and ___,
limbs, pelvic, pectoral girdles, eyelids
62
(Reptiles) Transparent membrane protects the ___ in snakes
eyes
63
(Reptiles) Snakes have a ___ tongue
Forked
64
(Reptiles) Snakes have No ___ ears
external
65
(Reptiles) Snakes still have ___ ears
internal
66
(Reptiles) Most snakes rely on ___
chemical senses
67
(Reptiles) Less than ___ of snakes are venomous
20%
68
(Reptiles) Venomous snakes outnumber other snakes ___ in Australia
4:1
69
(Reptiles) Sphenodonta
Tuataras
70
(Reptiles) Spehnodonta have ___ living species under the genus ___
Sphenodon
71
(Reptiles) Sphenodons can only be found in ___
New Zealand
72
(Reptiles) Sphendons resemble ___ but share features with ___
lizards, mesoszoic diapsids
73
(Reptiles) Sphenodonta have a well-developed
parietal eye
74
(Reptiles) Sphenodonta have a ___ reproductive rate
slow
75
(Reptiles) Crocodilia
Crocodiles, alligators, caimans, gharials
76
(Reptiles) Crocodilia have a ___ jaw with teeth set in ___
jaw, sockets
77
(Reptiles) Crocodilia have a high ___
bite force
78
(Reptiles) Crocodilia have a complete secondary ___, allows them to ___ when their mouth is full
palate, breath
79
(Reptiles) Crocodilia have a ___ heart
4-chambered
80
(Reptiles) Crocodilians have the most ___ parental care of all reptiles
intensive
81
(Reptiles) Crocodilian young are guarded by their mother for ___ or more years after hatching
2
82
(Reptiles) Crocodilian ___ determines the sex ratio
incubation temperature
83
(Reptiles) Birds are characterized by their ___
feathers
84
(Reptiles) Birds are a extant clade of ___
theropod dinosaurs
85
(Reptiles) Bird feathers are modified ___
scales
86
(Reptiles) Many nonavian dinosaurs also had ___
feathers
87
(Reptiles) Feathers are useful for ___, ___, and ___ in birds
insulation, flight, display
88
(Reptiles) All birds are ___ or "warm-blooded"
endothermic
89
(Reptiles) Birds maintain ___ due to the energy and metabolic requirements for active flight
elevated body temperatures
90
(Reptiles) Birds have a ___ chambered heart
4-chambered
91
(Reptiles) Modern birds have ___ main types of feathers
2
92
(Reptiles) ___ feathers have barbs that link together, reduce ___ during flight in birds
Contour, drag
93
(Reptiles) ___ do not interlock, used for insulation in birds
Down
94
(Reptiles) Birds are one of ___ vertebrate groups capable of powered flight
2
95
(Reptiles) Birds capable of flight have ___ bones, ___ bones that reduce weight
pneumatic, hollow
96
(Reptiles) Birds have highly developed ___ behavior, which include ___ and incubation of ___ and ___
social, courtship, eggs, young
97
(Reptiles) Most birds are ___
monogamous
98
(Reptiles) Birds are the most species rich terrestrial vertebrates, with ___ identified species
~10,000
99
(Mammals) Characterized by ___ and ___
hair, mammary glands
100
(Mammals) Hair is made up of ___ and typically aids in ___
keratin, insulation
101
(Mammals) ___ produce milk for feeding newborns
Mammary
102
(Mammals) Skin has other glands for ___, ___, or ___
sweat, oil, scent
103
(Mammals are all ___)
ectothermic
104
(Mammals) have a ___
4-chambered heart
105
(Mammals) one of the two groups capable of powered flight
bats
106
(Mammals) 3 groups
Monotremes, Maruspials, Eutherians/Placental mammals
107
(Mammals) Only mammal group that ___
lays eggs
108
(Mammals) Monotreme eggs are ___, similar to ___ eggs
leathery, reptile
109
(Mammals) Monotremes include:
Platypus, Echidna
110
