textbook chapter 4

Question 1

what is apperceptive agnosia

Answer 1

they can see, they cant organize the elements they see in order to perceive the object

Question 2

what is associative agnosia

Answer 2

they can see but they cant link what they see to their basic l=visual knowledge

Question 3

how are various objects recognized

Answer 3

it is influenced by context in which you encounter these objects

Question 4

what is bottom up processing

Answer 4

sequence of events that is governed by the stimulus input itself

Question 5

bottom up processing : data driven

Answer 5

process directly shaped by stimulus

Question 6

what is top down processing

Answer 6

a sequence of events that is heavily shaped by the knowledge and expectations that the person brings to the situation

Question 7

what is top down processing guided by

Answer 7

your knowledge that common words or objects etc go together

Question 8

how do you often recognize objects

Answer 8

through their parts

Question 9

what is visual search tasks

Answer 9

study participants are asked to examine a display and judge whether a particular target is present or not

Question 10

what is tachistoscope

Answer 10

a device that is designed to present stimulus for precisely controlled amounts of time

Question 11

what is a mask

Answer 11

a random pattern of lines and curves, or a random jumble of letters. this interrupts any continued processing that participants might try to do for the stimulus just presented

Question 12

what is priming

Answer 12

a process through which one input or cue prepares a person for an upcoming input or cue

Question 13

what is repetition priming

Answer 13

a pattern of priming that occurs simply because a stimulus is present a second time; processing is more efficient on the second presentation

Question 14

what is word superiority effects

Answer 14

it is easier to recognize if a letter is in a word than if it appears isolated

Question 15

what is well formedness

Answer 15

a good predictor of word recognition, the more english like the string is the easier it is to recognize (for english speakers)

Question 16

what are future nets

Answer 16

the bottom layer is concerned with features, as we move upwards in the network, each subsequent, layer is concerned with larger-scale objects

Question 17

what is activation level

Answer 17

a level that reflects the status of detectors at that moment

Question 18

what happen when a detector receives some input

Answer 18

the activation level increases

Question 19

what is a response threshold

Answer 19

the quantity of information or activation needed to trigger a response in a mode or detector or, in a neuroscience context, a response from a neuron

Question 20

what happens once the activation level reaches the response threshold

Answer 20

the detector will fire, sending signals to the other detectors to which is connected

Question 21

what detectors fire more

Answer 21

a detector that has fired recently and a detector that has fired frequently

Question 22

what are activation levels depend on

Answer 22

frequency and recency principles

Question 24

what are frequent words

Answer 24

appear often in the things we read

Question 25

what is recency of us allow

Answer 25

activation levels to be temporarily lifted once fired because presenting a word once will cause relevancy detectors to fire

Question 26

what are bigram detectors

Answer 26

detectors of letter pairs, these detectors like all the rest, will be triggered by lower-level detectors and send their output to higher-level detectors

Question 26

what is locally represented

Answer 26

a mode of representation in which information is encoded in a small number of identifiable nodes. they are sometimes spoken of a 'one idea per node' or 'one content per location'

Question 27

what is distributed representation

Answer 27

its knowledge is represented by a pattern of activations distributed across the network and detectable only if we consider now the entire network functions

Question 28

McClellans and Rumelhart pattern recognition model

Answer 28

includes both excitatory connections and inhibitory connections

Question 29

what are excitatory connections

Answer 29

connections that allow one detector to activate its neighbours

Question 30

what are inhibitory connections

Answer 30

connections that decrease the activation level of its neighbours

Question 31

what kind of detectors can influence eachother

Answer 31

higher levels can influence lower levels, and detectors at any level can influence other detectors at the same level

Question 32

what is the recognition by component model

Answer 32

a model of object recognition, a crucial role is played by geons

Question 33

what are geons

Answer 33

basic building blocks of all the objects we recognize, the alphabet from which all objects are constructed

Question 34

what are the advantages of geon assemblies within this category

Answer 34

1. geons can be identified from virtually any angle of view 2. whatever position is relative to a cat you'll be able to identify it 3. can recognize objects even if many of the object geons are hidden from view

Question 35

what is viewpoint independent

Answer 35

some cells fire strongly to virtually any view of the targets object

Question 36

what is viewpoint-dependent

Answer 36

cells responding to inputs shape trigger

Question 37

what is prosopagnosia

Answer 37

generally have normal visions but are unable to recognize individual faces.

Question 38

what is the inversion effect

Answer 38

a pattern typically observed for faces in which the specific face is much more difficult to recognize if the face is presented upside down; this effect is part of the evidence indicating that face recognition relies on processes different from those involved in other forms of recognition

Question 39

what is face recognition dependent on

Answer 39

orientation

Question 40

what is holistic perception

Answer 40

face recognition depends on the faces overall configuration, the spacing of the eyes to the nose etc

Question 41

whats the composite effect

Answer 41

this is where evidence of the holistic perception comes from. it is shown through combining two faces together and asking people to pick out which is which

Question 42

what does priming gaurentee

Answer 42

detectors that have often been used in the past will be easier to activate in the future

Question 43

what does top down priming involve

Answer 43

1. participants need to understand each of the words being said in the instructions 2. participants must understand the relation among the words in the instruction 3. participants have to know some facts about the world and the kinds of things that can be eaten, without knowledge, priming wouldn't be expected

Question 44

how can we view object recognition

Answer 44

knowledge that is external to object recognition is imported into and influences the process

Question 45

what does top-down priming depend on

Answer 45

what is in memory and how that knowledge is accessed and used, so we can't tackle this sort of priming until we have said more about memory and knowledge