Textbook Multiple-Choice Questions Flashcards by Sophie Lamontagne

In which locations do most out-of-hospital cardiac arrests occur?

a. Healthcare clinics
b. Homes
c. Recreational facilities
d. Shopping centers

b. Homes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which is the most common cause of cardiac arrest in children?

a. Cardiac problem
b. Congenital or acquired heart defect
c. Respiratory failure or shock
d. Infection and sepsis

c. Respiratory failure or shock

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the third link in the adult out-of-hospital Chain of Survival?

a. Advanced life support
b. High-quality CPR
c. Prevention
d. Rapid defibrillation

d. Rapid defibrillation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which statement best describes sudden cardiac arrest?

a. When respiratory distress in adults occurs and the heart rate does not change
b. When the heart rate is 40 to 60/min and respirations increase
c. When blood flow to the heart is blocked and the heart rate increases
d. When an abnormal rhythm develops and the heart stops beating unexpectedly

d. When an abnormal rhythm develops and the heart stops beating unexpectedly

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the three main components of CPR?

Chest compressions
Airway
Breathing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What should you do if the adult victim is unresponsive, is not breathing normally but has a pulse?

1) Provide rescue breathing
2) Activate ERS
3) Continue rescue breathing and check pulse every 2 minutes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What could be the explanation behind an unresponsive victim that is not breathing but has a pulse? What is the treatment?

Possible opioid overdose

- Naloxone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are agonal gasps? When do they commonly occur?

Looks like the individual is drawing air in very quickly
Gasps may appear forceful or weak
May be present ni the first few minutes after cardiac arrest

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are agonal gasps? When do they commonly occur?

Looks like the individual is drawing air in very quickly
Gasps may appear forceful or weak
May be present ni the first few minutes after cardiac arrest

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the function of chest recoil?

Allows blood to flow into the heart

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the consequence of incomplete chest recoil?

Reduces the filling of the heart between compressions

- Reduces the blood flow created by chest compressions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which is the first action you should take in this situation?

a. Activate the emergency response system
b. Start high-quality CPR, beginning with chest compressions c. Start providing rescue breaths
d. Verify that the scene is safe for you and the victim

d. Verify that the scene is safe for you and the victim

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The man doesn’t respond when you touch his shoulders and shout, “Are you OK?” What is your best next action?

a. Check his pulse
b. Start high-quality CPR
c. Start providing rescue breaths d. Shout for nearby help
d. Shout for nearby help

d. Shout for nearby help

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Several rescuers respond, and you ask them to activate the emergency response and retrieve the AED and emergency equipment. As you check for a pulse and breathing, you notice that the man is gasping for air and making “snorting” sounds. You do not feel a pulse. What is your best next action?

a. Start high-quality CPR, beginning with chest compressions
b. Monitor the victim until additional, more experienced help arrives
c. Provide rescue breathing by delivering 1 breath every 5 to 6 seconds
d. Find someone to help by retrieving the nearest AED

a. Start high-quality CPR, beginning with chest compressions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the ratio of chest compressions to breaths when providing CPR to an adult?

a. 10 compressions to 2 breaths
b. 15 compressions to 2 breaths
c. 30 compressions to 2 breaths
d. 100 compressions to 2 breaths

c. 30 compressions to 2 breaths

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the rate and depth for chest compressions on an adult?

a. A rate of 60 to 80 compressions per minute and a depth of about 1 inch
b. A rate of 80 to 100 compressions per minute and a depth of about 11⁄2 inches c. A rate of 120 to 140 compressions per minute and a depth of about 21⁄2 inches
d. A rate of 100 to 120 compressions per minute and a depth of at least 2 inches

d. A rate of 100 to 120 compressions per minute and a depth of at least 2 inches

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What action should you take when more rescuers arrive?

a. Assign tasks to other rescuers and rotate compressors every 2 minutes or more frequently to avoid fatigue
b. Continue CPR while the AED is attached even if you are fatigued
c. Wait for the most experienced rescuer to provide direction to the team
d. Direct the team to assign a team leader and roles while you continue CPR

a. Assign tasks to other rescuers and rotate compressors every 2 minutes or more frequently to avoid fatigue

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

If you suspect that an unresponsive victim has head or neck trauma, what is the preferred method for opening the airway?

a. Head tilt–chin lift
b. Jaw thrust
c. Head tilt–neck lift
d. Avoid opening the airway

b. Jaw thrust

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Describe pulseless ventricular tachycardia.

When the ventricles begin contracting at a very fast pace

- The ventricles pump so quickly and inefficiently that no pulse can be detected

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Describe ventricular fibrillation.

The heart muscles quiver in a fast, unsynchronized way so the heart does not pump blood

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What should you do prior to using an AED if the victim has a hairy chest?

Shave the area by using a razor

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What should you do prior to using an AED if the victim is immersed in water?

Remove the victim from the water

- Quickly wipe the chest before attaching the AED pads

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What should you do prior to using an AED if the victim has an implanted defibrillator or pacemaker?

If possible, avoid placing the AED pad directly over the implanted device
Follow the normal steps for operating an AED

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What should you do prior to using an AED if the victim has a transdermal medication patch?

If it does not delay delivery, use protective gloves to remove the patch and wipe the area before attaching the AED pad
The medication patch may block the transfer of energy from the AED pad to the heart and also cause small burns to the skin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the most appropriate first step to take as soon as the AED arrives at the victim’s side? a. Power on the AED b. Apply the pads c. Press the analyze button d. Press the shock button

a. Power on the AED

Which step is one of the universal steps for operating an AED? a. Placing the pads on the victim’s bare chest b. Shaving the victim’s hairy chest c. Removing the victim from water d. Finding the victim’s implanted pacemaker

a. Placing the pads on the victim’s bare chest

If a victim of cardiac arrest has an implanted pacemaker or defibrillator, what special steps should be taken? a. Avoid placing the AED pad directly over the implanted device b. Avoid using the AED to prevent damage to the implanted device c. Turn off the implanted device before applying the AED pads d. Consider using pediatric pads to decrease the shock dose delivered

a. Avoid placing the AED pad directly over the implanted device

What action should you take when the AED is analyzing the heart rhythm? a. Check the pulse b. Continue chest compressions c. Give rescue breaths only d. Stand clear of the victim

d. Stand clear of the victim

After performing high-quality CPR for 5 minutes, the team leader frequently interrupts chest compressions to check for a pulse even though the victim has no organized rhythm when the AED analyzes the rhythm. Which action demonstrates constructive intervention? a. Ask another rescuer what he thinks should be done b. Say nothing that contradicts the team leader c. Suggest to resume chest compressions without delay d. Wait until the debriefing session afterward to discuss it

c. Suggest to resume chest compressions without delay

The team leader asks you to perform bag-mask ventilation during a resuscitation attempt, but you have not perfected that skill. What would be an appropriate action to acknowledge your limitations? a. Pick up the bag-mask device and give it to another team member b. Pretend you did not hear the request and hope the team leader chooses someone else to do it c. Tell the team leader that you are not comfortable performing that task d. Try to do it as best you can and hope another team member will see you struggling and take over

c. Tell the team leader that you are not comfortable performing that task

What is the appropriate action to demonstrate closed-loop communication when the team leader assigns you a task? a. Repeat back to the team leader the task you were assigned b. Nod your head as an acknowledgment of the assigned task c. Start performing the assigned tasks, but do not speak, to minimize noise d. Wait for the team leader to address you by name before acknowledging the task

a. Repeat back to the team leader the task you were assigned

How do you perform a pulse check in an infant?

Palpate a brachial pulse

How do you perform a pulse check in a child?

Palpate a carotid or femoral pulse

What steps should you take if a child or infant does not have normal breathing, but has a pulse?

1) Provide rescue breathing 2) Add compressions if pulse remains below 60/min with signs of poor perfusion 3) Activate emergency response system after 2 minutes (if not already done) 4) Continue with rescue breathing, checking pulse every 2 minutes

If you are alone, and you witness an infant or child arrests suddenly, what should you do?

Leave the victim to activate the emergency response system

If you are alone, and an infant or child arrests suddenly but was unwitnessed, what should you do?

Begin high-quality CPR for 2 minutes

What are the four signs of poor perfusion?

- Mnemonic: TAPS - Temperature (cool extremities) - Altered mental state (continued decline in consciousness) - Pulses (weak) - Skin (paleness, mottling, cyanosis)

If 2 rescuers are present for the resuscitation attempt of an infant or child, use a compression-to-ventilation ratio of _____.

15:2

Why is the 2 thumb-encircling hands technique recommended for infant CPR when provided by 2 rescuers?

- Produces better blood supply to the heart muscle - Helps ensure consistent depth and force of chest compressions - May generate higher blood pressures

How should you place an infant's neck to maximize airway patency?

The external ear canal is level with the top of the infant's shoulder (neutral position)

Why are chest compressions an effective method of distributing to the heart and brain?

When SUDDEN cardiac arrest occurs, the oxygen content of the blood is typically adequate to meet the oxygen demands of the body for the first few minutes after arrest

Why are breaths important for infants and children in cardiac arrest?

- They often have respiratory failure or shock that reduces the oxygen content in the blood - Chest compressions alone are NOT as effective as compressions and breaths

What is the correct compression-to-ventilation ratio for a single rescuer of a 3-year-old child? a. 15 compressions to 1 breath b. 15 compressions to 2 breaths c. 20 compressions to 2 breaths d. 30 compressions to 2 breaths

d. 30 compressions to 2 breaths

What is the correct compression-to-ventilation ratio for a 7-year-old child when 2 or more rescuers are present? a. 15 compressions to 1 breath b. 15 compressions to 2 breaths c. 20 compressions to 2 breaths d. 30 compressions to 2 breaths

b. 15 compressions to 2 breaths

For what age victim is the 2 thumb–encircling hands technique recommended when 2 or more rescuers are present? a. A child younger than 3 years b. A child older than 3 years c. An infant older than 1 year d. An infant younger than 1 year

d. An infant younger than 1 year

What is the correct chest compression depth for a child? a. At least one fourth the depth of the chest, or about 1 inch b. At least one third the depth of the chest, or about 1½ inches c. At least one third the depth of the chest, or about 2 inches d. At least one half the depth of the chest, or about 3 inches

c. At least one third the depth of the chest, or about 2 inches

What is the correct chest compression depth for an infant? a. At least one fourth the depth of the chest, or about 1 inch b. At least one third the depth of the chest, or about 1½ inches c. At least one third the depth of the chest, or about 2 inches d. At least one half the depth of the chest, or about 2½ inches

b. At least one third the depth of the chest, or about 1½ inches

What should you do if you need to use an AED on a child but there are no child pads available?

- Use adult pads (they deliver a higher dose, but a higher dose is preferred over no dose) - Make sure the pads don't touch each other

Which pads should be given to children aged 8 years old or older?

Adult pads

Which pads should be given to children aged younger than 8 years old?

Child pads (if available)

What is preferred for defibrillation in an infant?

Manual defibrillator

What should you do when using an AED on an infant or a child less than 8 years of age? a. Never use adult AED pads b. Use adult AED pads c. Use adult AED pads if the AED does not have child pads d. Use adult AED pads, but cut them in half

c. Use adult AED pads if the AED does not have child pads

If a manual defibrillator is not available for an infant victim, which action should you take? a. Perform high-quality CPR b. Use an AED equipped with a pediatric dose attenuator c. Use an AED without a pediatric dose attenuator d. Wait for advanced care to arrive

b. Use an AED equipped with a pediatric dose attenuator

What is important to remember about AED pad placement on infants? a. Ensure that pads overlap each other in very small infants b. Place 1 adult pad on the chest c. You may need to place 1 pad on the chest and 1 on the back, according to the diagrams on the pads d. If child AED pads are not available, do not use the AED

c. You may need to place 1 pad on the chest and 1 on the back, according to the diagrams on the pads

What is the breath rate if an advanced airway is in place?

1 breath every 6 seconds for adults, children and infants

What is the rate of rescue breathing for adults?

1 breath every 5 or 6 seconds

What is the rate of rescue breathing for infants and children?

1 breath every 3 to 5 seconds

When should you start CPR in an infant or a child when providing rescue breathing?

- Signs of poor perfusion in an infant despite adequate rescue breathing - And, the heart rate is 60/min or less

What are the two breathing techniques for infants?

- Mouth-to-mouth-and-nose | - Mouth-to-mouth

What can cause gastric inflation?

- Giving breaths too quickly | - Giving breaths with too much force

What is gastric inflation?

Air enters the stomach rather than the lungs

What are two techniques to reduce the risk of gastric inflation?

- Deliver each breath over 1 second | - Deliver just enough air to make the victim's chest rise

Which victim would need only rescue breathing? a. Agonal gasping with no pulse b. Breathing with a weak pulse c. No breathing and a pulse d. No breathing and no pulse

c. No breathing and a pulse

How often should rescue breaths be given in infants and children when a pulse is present? a. 1 breath every 2 to 3 seconds b. 1 breath every 3 to 5 seconds c. 1 breath every 5 to 6 seconds d. 1 breath every 8 to 10 seconds

b. 1 breath every 3 to 5 seconds

Which action can rescuers perform to potentially reduce the risk of gastric inflation? a. Delivering each breath over 1 second b. Giving rapid, shallow breaths c. Using a bag-mask device for delivering ventilation d. Using the mouth-to-mask breathing technique

a. Delivering each breath over 1 second

Which is the preferred technique for giving rescue breaths to an infant? a. Mouth-to-mouth b. Mouth-to-mouth-and-nose c. Mouth-to-nose d. Any method is acceptable

b. Mouth-to-mouth-and-nose

Which three observations of a scene may help suggest a potential opioid overdose?

1) Direct communication with bystanders 2) Direct observation of the victim 3) Observation of the surroundings

If you suspect an opioid overdose, what should you do if the victim is breathing normally and a pulse is present?

Monitor responsiveness, breathing and pulse

If you suspect an opioid overdose, what should you do if the victim is not breathing normally but a pulse is present?

1) Rescue breathing 2) Activate ERS 3) Administer naloxone 4) Continue rescue breathing and check the pulse every 2 minutes

If you suspect an opioid overdose, what should you do if the victim is not breathing normally and no pulse is present?

1) CPR | 2) Administer naloxone

What is not an example of an opioid? a. Heroin b. Hydrocodone c. Morphine d. Naloxone

d. Naloxone

Your 27-year-old roommate uses opioids. You find him unresponsive with no breathing, but a strong pulse. You suspect an opioid-associated life-threatening emergency. A friend is phoning 9-1-1 and is looking for the naloxone autoinjector. What action should you take? a. Remain with your roommate until the naloxone arrives and administer it immediately b. Begin CPR, starting with chest compressions c. Provide rescue breathing: 1 breath every 5 to 6 seconds d. Provide rapid defibrillation with an AED

c. Provide rescue breathing: 1 breath every 5 to 6 seconds

You encounter an unresponsive 56-year-old man who has been taking hydrocodone after a surgical procedure. He is not breathing and has no pulse. You notice that his medication bottle is empty. You suspect an opioid-associated life-threatening emergency. A colleague activates the emergency response system and is retrieving the AED and naloxone. What is the most appropriate action for you to take next? a. Wait for the naloxone to arrive before doing anything b. Begin CPR, starting with chest compressions c. Provide 1 rescue breath every 5 to 6 seconds until naloxone arrives d. Provide rapid defibrillation with the AED

b. Begin CPR, starting with chest compressions

What should you do to treat mild airway obstruction?

- Encourage the victim to continue coughing | - Stay with the victim and monitor the condition

How would you relieve choking in a pregnant or obese victim?

Perform chest thrust instead of abdominal thrusts

What should you do if a choking victim becomes unresponsive?

1) Begin CPR, starting with chest compressions (do not check for a pulse) 2) Each time you open the airway for breaths, check the mouth 3) After 2 minutes of CPR, activate the ERS

Should you perform a blind finger sweep in a choking victim?

No, because it may push the foreign body back into the airway

Which is an example of a mild foreign-body airway obstruction? a. Cyanosis (turning blue) b. High-pitched noise while inhaling c. Inability to speak or cry d. Wheezing between coughs

d. Wheezing between coughs

Which victim of a severe airway obstruction should receive abdominal thrusts? a. An average-size 27-year-old man b. A woman who is obviously pregnant c. An obese 50-year-old man d. An average-size 9-month-old infant

a. An average-size 27-year-old man

You are performing abdominal thrusts on a 9-year-old child when he suddenly becomes unresponsive. After you shout for nearby help, what is the most appropriate action to take next? a. Begin high-quality CPR, starting with chest compressions b. Check for a pulse c. Continue performing abdominal thrusts d. Provide 5 back slaps followed by 5 chest thrusts

a. Begin high-quality CPR, starting with chest compressions