Textbook Questions Chapter 9

Question 1

four norms of science

Answer 1

communism, skepticism, disinterestedness, universalism

Question 2

Chapter Summary of religion and science

Answer 2

Religion and science both compose belief systems. Belief systems may act as social typers of deviance or they may be socially typed as deviant themselves and subjected to social control.

Question 3

Chapter Summary of social control on deviant religions

Answer 3

Deviant religions face a wide range of social controls. The anti-cult movement and counter-cult movement are active in reducing the threat they consider cults present. The media exerts control in conjunction with these movements, as well as in their own representations of deviant religions. Governments also exert control over religions they define as deviant

Question 4

Chapter Summary on scientific misconduct

Answer 4

Various forms of scientific misconduct are possible, including data fabrication, data falsification, and plagiarism. Bad apple/person theories propose that individuals’ characteristics are the cause of misconduct. Iceberg theory claims the structure of the scientific community sets the stage for misconduct. The increasing corporatization of science promotes misconduct. The nature of controlling misconduct changes over time, as the institutional logics change.