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LARE Section 1 > Textbooks: Professional Practice + Sustainability > Flashcards

Textbooks: Professional Practice + Sustainability Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Professionalism

A
  1. The standing, practice, and methods of a professional as distinguished from a hobbyist
  2. Refers to the character in spirit of a professional as well as the procedures used by a professional practitioner

(PRO PRACTICE OF LA Ch1 - Rogers)

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2
Q

Ethics

A
  1. Morality refers to what is right and wrong what is permissible behavior with regard to basic human values
  2. ASLA Maintains an ethics committee that develops Landscape architecture code of ethics (professional responsibility and member responsibilities)

(PRO PRACTICE OF LA Ch1 - Rogers)

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3
Q

4 main professional practice relationships

A
  1. LA and architect/owner
  2. LA and architect/allied professional
  3. LA and architect/contractor
  4. LA and architect/general public

(PRO PRACTICE OF LA Ch4 - Rogers)

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4
Q

Contractual v. Non-contractual

A
  1. Contractual - bound by the requirements of completing the scope of services agreed upon
  2. Noncontractual - Taking responsibility for complying with codes, applying professional judgment, adhering to standards of care, incorporating quality control

(PRO PRACTICE OF LA Ch4 - Rogers)

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5
Q

Three formats most often used by landscape architects for professional services contract

A
  1. Professional association standard contract
  2. Landscape architect develop contract
  3. Client developed contract

(PRO PRACTICE OF LA Ch9 - Rogers)

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6
Q

Project Management

A

Out-come oriented Process - don’t know how you did until afterward

(PROJECT MANAGEMENT FOR DESIGN PROS Ch2 - Ramroth)

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7
Q

7 Project Management Tools

A
  1. Project Planning
  2. Breaking down work into tasks
  3. Scheduling
  4. Budget
  5. Quality Control Strategies
  6. Project Objectives
  7. Project management goals

(PROJECT MANAGEMENT FOR DESIGN PROS Ch2 - Ramroth)

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8
Q

6 Project Management Goals (consistent among all projects)

A
  1. Reach the end of the project
  2. Reach the end on budget
  3. Reach the end on time
  4. Reach the end safely
  5. Reach the end error-free
  6. Reach the end meeting everyone’s expectations

(PROJECT MANAGEMENT FOR DESIGN PROS Ch2 - Ramroth)

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9
Q

5 Phases of Project Management

A
  1. Start (project begins)
  2. Planning (figuring out how to perform work)
  3. Design (project’s overall design is worked out)
  4. Production (preparation of CDs and other deliverables)
  5. Closeout (project work is completed)

(PROJECT MANAGEMENT FOR DESIGN PROS Ch2 - Ramroth)

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10
Q

6 Activities of Project Management

A
  1. Defining scope of work, budget, schedule, objectives
  2. Planning work effort so #1 will be met
  3. Directing design team
  4. Coordinating design team
  5. Monitoring work and progress
  6. Learning from the project - what went right/wrong

(PROJECT MANAGEMENT FOR DESIGN PROS Ch2 - Ramroth)

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11
Q

4 Basic Organizations for Design Firms

A
  1. Sole Proprietorship
  2. Design Studios
  3. Multiple design studio organizations
  4. Matrix Organizations

(PROJECT MANAGEMENT FOR DESIGN PROS Ch3 - Ramroth)

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12
Q

8 Basic Characteristic of a Good Project Manager

A
  1. High motivation to manage
  2. Ethical and professional behavior
  3. Technical and legal competency
  4. Pragmatic decision-making skills
  5. Ability to make decisions with incomplete information
  6. A generalist’s experience, education, and attitude
  7. Good communication skills
  8. Ability to empower a design team

(PROJECT MANAGEMENT FOR DESIGN PROS Ch4 - Ramroth)

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13
Q

2 kinds of knowledge are required to properly plan a project

A
  1. An understanding of project management
  2. The technical knowledge and experience that comes from actually doing design work

(PROJECT MANAGEMENT FOR DESIGN PROS Ch5 - Ramroth)

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14
Q

6 objectives of the project work plan

A
  1. Definition of the project objectives
  2. Identification of the project team
  3. Breakdown of the project into task budgets
  4. Development of the project schedule
  5. Establishment of the project quality-control program
  6. Identification of other project-specific procedures and standards

(PROJECT MANAGEMENT FOR DESIGN PROS Ch5 - Ramroth)

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15
Q

3 types of Schedules Commonly Used

A
  1. Milestone List - simple projects with short schedules and few tasks
  2. Bar Chart - moderately sized and moderately complex projects with no more than a dozen or two tasks
  3. Critical Path Method - projects with multiple phases and numerous tasks

(PROJECT MANAGEMENT FOR DESIGN PROS Ch9 - Ramroth)

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16
Q

2 common strategies for achieving early client buy-in

A
  1. Program Validation
  2. Charrette Process

(PROJECT MANAGEMENT FOR DESIGN PROS Ch11 - Ramroth)

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17
Q

Purpose of Project Quality Control

A
  1. Meeting or exceeding client requirements and expectations
  2. Preparing accurate documents
  3. Finishing the design on time and on budget
  4. Designing a project that can be built on time and on budget

(PROJECT MANAGEMENT FOR DESIGN PROS Ch12- Ramroth)

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18
Q

Project Management Rules of Thumb #1-7

A
  1. The last 10% of the Project will take 20% of the budget
  2. If the schedule slips, the project will go over budget
  3. Work expands so as to fill the time available for its completion
  4. If the office is not busy, the project will go over budget
  5. You are not Thomas Edison so don’t reinvent the wheel
  6. If you do not hear from a consultant, the consultant is not working on your project
  7. If a design project has no deadline, work will continue until one is set

(PROJECT MANAGEMENT FOR DESIGN PROS Ch13 - Ramroth)

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19
Q

Project Management Rules of Thumb #8-14

A
  1. Designers never stop designing on their own
  2. The person who talks to the client and directs the work is the project manager
  3. This project is a ‘no camping’ area
  4. Five options are at least two opinions too many
  5. The first construction cost estimate is the one the client will remember
  6. Do not let team members discuss scope with client without the PM present
  7. There is always a Plan B even if no one has thought of it yet

(PROJECT MANAGEMENT FOR DESIGN PROS Ch13- Ramroth)

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20
Q

What is a profession?

A
  1. Public sanction through licensure
  2. Reason for licensure of a particular skill or set of skills by a public authority is to protect the public health and safety of the environment
  3. Government has a duty to protect citizens from harm
  4. Licensure requires candidate to meet some test demonstrating some benchmark of minimal degree competence in the skills required to practice the form of work being tested

(SUSTAINABILITY + DESIGN ETHICS Ch2 - Russ)

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21
Q

Licensing

A

Intended to exclude unqualified people people from practice

2 Types of license:

  1. Occupational licenses - earned through an examination or assessment process organized and administered by the state
  2. Professional licenses - earned through examinations organized and administered by professions themselves and accepted by state

(SUSTAINABILITY + DESIGN ETHICS Ch2 - Russ)

22
Q

Commonality of Professions

A
  1. Usually involve an issues of personal service, public safety, or environmental protection where the potential for harm through incompetence is significant
  2. Licensure law as are passes because of experience with harm caused by unqualified practitioners and because of encouragement from presumably qualified members
  3. State’s interest in certifying qualified persons is so that the public has a measure to gauge those who have demonstrated competence from those who have not
4. Seem to possess:
A. Systematic theory
B. Authority 
C. Community sanction
D. Ethical Codes
E. A culture

(SUSTAINABILITY + DESIGN ETHICS Ch2 - Russ)

23
Q

Organizations

A

May have considerable influence over parameters of licensure but licensure is entirely in the hands of the state

(SUSTAINABILITY + DESIGN ETHICS Ch2 - Russ)

24
Q

Distinguishing Traits of Professions

A

Adoption of code of ethics

Refer to ASLA Code of Ethics

(SUSTAINABILITY + DESIGN ETHICS Ch2 - Russ)

25
Q

Attributes about being a Professional

A
  1. Must have a service motive, sharing advances in knowledge, guarding professional integrity and ideals, rendering gratuitous public service in addition to that engaged by clients
  2. Must recognize obligations to society and to other practitioners by living up to established and accepted codes of conduct
  3. Must assume relations of confidence and accept individual responsibility
  4. Be members of professional groups and should carry their part of the responsibility of advancing profession knowledge, ideals, and practice

(SUSTAINABILITY + DESIGN ETHICS Ch2 - Russ)

26
Q

Professionalism

A

Not only the special knowledge members should have, but also their duties and responsibilities toward society

(SUSTAINABILITY + DESIGN ETHICS Ch2 - Russ)

27
Q

Codes of Ethics

A

Common means of corporate or professional self-regulation

SUSTAINABILITY + DESIGN ETHICS Ch2 - Russ

28
Q

Self-Regulation

A
  1. Specialized knowledge of those within a business or profession to understand unique character and practices in question
  2. Extrapolates expertise into the ability of peers to pressure colleagues to abide by preferred practices or behavior
  3. Motivated by avoiding costs businesses commonly associated with government regulation

(SUSTAINABILITY + DESIGN ETHICS Ch2 - Russ)

29
Q

Due diligence is determined by 7 Part test

A
  1. Existence of a set of standard and procedures that would be expected to reduce the criminal conduce of a corporation’s employees or agents
  2. Responsible person(s) within corporation who oversee compliance
  3. Practice of avoiding allowing discretion to persons the corporation knew or should have known might engage in illegal activities
  4. Effective program of communicating standards and procedures to employees and agents
  5. Committing to archived compliance with the standards and procedures through action
  6. Enforcement of standards and procedures though appropriate disciplinary action
  7. Demonstration that (once detected)steps are train to respond to the offense and avoid reoccurrence

(SUSTAINABILITY + DESIGN ETHICS Ch2 - Russ)

30
Q

Areas of Greatest Concern

A
  1. General lack of awareness or recognition of stakeholders in design process and professional’s obligations to them
  2. Inability of peak organization to disseminate info or training pertaining to its code of ethics. Each org requires members to acknowledge the code of ethics at the time of joining or renewing membership
  3. Lack of enforcement capacity in some cases

(SUSTAINABILITY + DESIGN ETHICS Ch2 - Russ)

31
Q

6 Recommendations of Design professionals

A
  1. Environmental studies should be performed as part of all relevant projects
  2. Evaluate the positive and negative environmental impacts (basis of survey and analysis)
  3. Develop improved approaches to environmental studies (synthesis)
  4. Make clients aware that engineers can reduce but not always eliminate adverse environmental impacts
  5. Urge clients to prevent or minimalize diverse environmental effect (thesis)
  6. Take appropriate action, or decline to be associated with a project, if client is unwilling to support adequate efforts to evaluate environmental issues or to mitigate environmental problems (thesis)

(SUSTAINABILITY + DESIGN ETHICS Ch2 - Russ)

32
Q

Baxter asserted: every environmental issue should be decided in favor of the greatest satisfaction of human interests based on 4 criteria:

A
  1. To discuss a problem, it is necessary to be able to describe the problem in objective terms
  2. There should be no waste
  3. Every human should be regarded as an end, not mean to the betterment of another person
  4. Every person should have an equal opportunity to improve his or her share of satisfactions

(SUSTAINABILITY + DESIGN ETHICS Ch3 - Russ)

33
Q

6 Points that proves difficulty in objectifying other living things or intrinsic environmental values in ascribing human values to non-human objects

A
  1. People will always act in their own interests because it is their nature and will not act in another way
  2. Nature will be preserved because humans need it to be preserved. No “massive destruction of nonhuman flora/fauna”
  3. What is good for humans is often good for “penguins and pine trees” so in this way humans are “surrogates for plant and animal life”
  4. There is uncertainty as to how any other system could be administered
  5. If nonhuman things are to be valued as ends rather than means, it requires that someone determine how much each one counts and how he/she is to express preferences
  6. Questions raise the question of what we ought to do, which in the end is uniquely human and meaningless to nonhumans

(SUSTAINABILITY + DESIGN ETHICS Ch3 - Russ)

34
Q

Professional Practice Standards

A
  1. Determined by customary practices of professional community
  2. Standard of care or due care is determined as what a reasonable qualified professional would do under the same circumstances and with the same information (those without required expertise are unable and unqualified to determine or make judgements as to what the standard should be)
  3. Standards of care are not objective or definitive in the sense they can be written down or codified beyond codes of ethics or professional responsibility articulated by the various professional organizations
  4. Professionals have a duty to maintain a working knowledge of areas in which they practice and clients and public at large have a right to rely on this obligation - As information available to designers changes, practices and the standard of care are expected to change accordingly (basis for continuing education)
  5. Altogether, decisions about due care are not merely professional technical judgements but ethical ones
  6. There is an ethical obligation for designers to take issues of sustainability into consideration in their work

(SUSTAINABILITY + DESIGN ETHICS Ch3 - Russ)

35
Q

Design Professional and Organizations

A
  1. Interest of stakeholders have become more important in public and private organizations

(SUSTAINABILITY + DESIGN ETHICS Ch4 - Russ)

36
Q

Stakeholder

A

an organization is any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the organization’s objectives

(SUSTAINABILITY + DESIGN ETHICS Ch4 - Russ)

37
Q

Doctrine of Fair Acts

A
  1. Principle of entry and exit: Contracts must have clearly defined parameter of entry, exit, and renegotiation
  2. Principle of governance: Rules for changing the rules
  3. Principle externalities: Any party to which a cost is imposed by a contract is by definition a party to the contract
  4. Principle of contracting costs: all parties to a contract must share in the cost of contracting
  5. Agency Principle: any agent must serve the interests of all stakeholders
  6. Principle of limited immortality: management shall proceed as if it will continue to serve all stakeholders throughout time

(SUSTAINABILITY + DESIGN ETHICS Ch4 - Russ)

38
Q

Stakeholder Interests

A

Design professional must be expected to act as the gatekeeper as dictated by his/her professional knowledge and ethical obligations

(SUSTAINABILITY + DESIGN ETHICS Ch4 - Russ)

39
Q

Principle of a Standard of Care

A

“A professional who is especially qualified in a particular field is expected to perform according to a standard of care that would be expected of any other similar professional under the same circumstances”

(SUSTAINABILITY + DESIGN ETHICS Ch4 - Russ)

40
Q

Defining a Profession

A
  1. Must satisfy and indispensable and beneficial social need
  2. Its work must require the exercise of discretion and judgement and not be subject to standardization
  3. It is a type of activity conducted upon a high intellectual plane
    A. Knowledge and skills are not common possession of the general public, they are result of tested research and experience and are acquired through a special discipline of education and practice
    B. Engineering requires a body of distinctive knowledge (science) and art (skill)
  4. It must have a group of consciousness for the promotion of technical knowledge and professional ideals and for rendering social services
  5. It should have legal status and must require well-formulated standard of admission

(SUSTAINABILITY + DESIGN ETHICS Ch4 - Russ)

41
Q

One to claims to practice a profession must do:

A
  1. Must have a service motive
  2. Must recognize their obligations to society
  3. Must assume relations of confidence and accept individual responsibility
  4. Be members of professional groups

(SUSTAINABILITY + DESIGN ETHICS Ch4 - Russ)

42
Q

Sustainability and Design Ethics

A
  1. Design is entirely different from science - design proceeds based on the values of the designer and stakeholders
  2. There is a design philosophy at the heard of every design effort
  3. At the heart of the design process are values of beauty, of environmental and personal integrity, of service and intellectual accomplishment

(SUSTAINABILITY + DESIGN ETHICS Ch5 - Russ)

43
Q

Designer Obligations

A
  1. Ethical duties to protect the health and safety of the public, to provide for and enhance the welfare of the users of their work, and to safeguard the environment
  2. Clients and users rely on the professional to avoid future claims of harm or negligence
  3. Synthesize an outcome that balances the needs of the stakeholders, the environment, and the future
  4. If there is sufficient uncertainty to question the designer’s recommendations, a judgement must be made on whether to revise the proposal or design or defend the proposal
  5. Obligation to consider the interests of the environment and the future and to produce outcomes that contribute to human well-being, it is necessary for the ethical design professional to proceed and to lead the design process carefully
  6. Be aware of the development of new knowledge as it might influence his/her design and to anticipate harm in a broad sense using existing science and other knowledge

(SUSTAINABILITY + DESIGN ETHICS Ch5 - Russ)

44
Q

The Standard of Care

A

Becomes the process by which prudence and risk in design are assessed

(SUSTAINABILITY + DESIGN ETHICS Ch6 - Russ)

45
Q

Precautionary Measures for Design Professionals

A
  1. Since bodies of knowledge are not static, professionals must be engaged in career-long educations in the facts salient to their work and maintain an awareness of how these facts might influence the scope of their professional obligations
  2. The designer must rely on reputable and non biased sources of information to be able to assess the quality of information and the degree to which new knowledge has compelling science or reasoning behind it

(SUSTAINABILITY + DESIGN ETHICS Ch6 - Russ)

46
Q

Precautionary Principle

A

When an activity raises threats of harm to human health or the environment, precautionary measures should be taken even if some cause and effect relationships are not fully established scientifically. In this context the proponent of the activity should bear the burden of proof
(SUSTAINABILITY + DESIGN ETHICS Ch6 - Russ)

47
Q

6 Beliefs of Precautionary Principle

A
  1. Preventative anticipation
  2. Expand or improving the assimilative capacity of the environment
  3. Proportionality: “of response or cost-effectiveness of margins of error to show that the selected degree of restraint is not unduly costly”
  4. Obligations to care - creating a formal duty of environmental care
  5. Promoting the cause of intrinsic natural rights
  6. Paying for past ecological debt

(SUSTAINABILITY + DESIGN ETHICS Ch6 - Russ)

48
Q

Precaution and Design

A
  1. Is the obligation to the client, the end user, society at large, or all stakeholders? If precaution is morally justified, then professionals do have a precautionary obligation to prevent harm as they can reasonably do so through design
  2. The designer must be educator, expert, consensus builder, synthesizer of solutions, and servant of the process (pathway for the designer to pursue sustainable outcomes)
  3. The designer’s work is about bringing intentions to reality - Intellectual process at its root and cannot be sustainable or unsustainable.
  4. Allows designers some satisfaction that they are making the best decisions possible given the knowledge at that time, this should reflect a standard of care acceptable to any reasonable person

(SUSTAINABILITY + DESIGN ETHICS Ch6 - Russ)

49
Q

Standard of Care can be Unclear

A

It is recognized that no definition could ever encompass the myriad circumstances or could anticipate the changes that occur within the scope of any design task

“Reasonableness” test - what is reasonable will be different as circumstances and knowledge change

(SUSTAINABILITY + DESIGN ETHICS Ch7 - Russ)

50
Q

Green Development

A
  1. Use of regionally available, Sustainability harvested, low-impact, and reused or recycled materials
  2. Design sensitivity to energy use, the incorporation of energy conservation, and even renewable energy generation
  3. Water conservation
  4. Waste minimization
  5. Use of design to incorporate natural light, appropriate ventilation, and human scales
  6. Design and construction techniques that evaluate and minimize environmental impacts
  7. The use of site development practices to minimize and mitigate impacts

(SUSTAINABILITY + DESIGN ETHICS Ch7 - Russ)

51
Q

Advantage of Green Development

A

Life cycle costs - Estimated that the life cycle saving of the typical green building is 10 times the initial investment

(SUSTAINABILITY + DESIGN ETHICS Ch7 - Russ)

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