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Textiles 1 > Textile snakes and ladders cards > Flashcards

Textile snakes and ladders cards Flashcards

1
Q

List 5 stages in production required to make

cotton into a white T-shirt.

A

Bleach cotton > spun > weft knitted > finished >

laid/cut/assembled

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2
Q

How long are cotton fibres?

A

Less than 5cm

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3
Q

What type of standard yarns can cotton

fibres be made into?

A

Ring spun or open-end spun

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4
Q

State the 2 fundamental differences between

weft and warp knitting.

A

Weft is formed horizontally and can be made from
1 yarn, warp needs many yarns and is formed
vertically.

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5
Q

Among plain, twill and satin, which weave

structure gives the best surface lustre?

A

Satin

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6
Q

State the difference between dyeing and

printing

A

Dyeing is the production of single uniform
colour of textiles. Printing is the production
of multiple copies of designs with multiple
colours

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7
Q

When is a fibre called a filament?

A

When it is very long/continuous

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8
Q

Define the term ‘elongation’ as it relates to

fibres and filaments.

A

How much the fibre/filament stretches before it breaks

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9
Q

Why is cotton comfortable to wear in

normal fashion garments?

A

Because it is fine/soft and absorbent.

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10
Q

What fibre classification does cotton belong

to?

A

Natural cellulosic

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11
Q

Why is combed ring spun yarn better

quality than normal ring spun yarn?

A

Fibres are more aligned so it is

stronger and smoother.

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12
Q

Why are open-end spun yarns cheaper than

ring-spun?

A

They are quicker to make

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13
Q

What are columns of stitches called in

knitted fabrics?

A

Wales

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14
Q

What are rows of stitches called in knitted

fabrics?

A

Courses

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15
Q

Why is plain woven fabric good with

‘not snagging’?

A

Lowest float length of weave structures.

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16
Q

State the type of weft insertion which has

the lowest production rate.

A

Shuttle.

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17
Q

State the three stages of printing

process.

A

Transfer; fixation; wash of

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18
Q

State the name of chemical needed to attach

pigments to the fibre materials.

A

Binder

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19
Q

What term describes a fabric’s ability

to recover from being compressed?

A

Resilience

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20
Q

What fibre/filament property

determines how soft it will be?

A

Fineness

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21
Q

Put the following cottons in order

from most to least expensive:

A

Sea Island > Egyptian > American

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22
Q

Which fibre requires pesticides, insecticides, herbicides + fungicides to grow?

A

Conventional cotton

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23
Q

Name the 2 types of standard yarn

that wool can be made into:

A

Woollen and worsted

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24
Q

Which type of yarn made from wool is

traditionally used in good quality suits?

A

Worsted

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25
Q

Name the type of fabric produced
weft knitting machines with 1 needle
bed.

A

Single jersey (sometimes plain knit)

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26
Q

Name the type of fabric produced weft

knitting machines with 2 needle beds.

A

Double jersey (rib, interlock and purl)

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27
Q

State the part name of a weaving loom

used to control the sett of warp yarn.

A

Reed.

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28
Q

Which weave structure provides the

best abrasion resistance?

A

Plain weave.

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29
Q

Describe what ‘Mass coloration’

means.

A

Pigments or dyes are mixed with the

molten polymer before extrusion.

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30
Q

State one feature of late stage dyeing.

A

Too late to correct unlevelness; or
garments may be dyed to popular
fashion colours as required; or quick
response to orders is possible.

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31
Q

How fine (in microns) is a fine fibre?

A

Less than 18µ

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32
Q

State the standard international unit

for measuring filament and yarn count

A

Tex

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33
Q

What is flax known as once it is spun/

woven/knitted?

A

Linen

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34
Q

Name 2 bast fibres.

A

2 of: linen, hemp, jute, ramie, nettle

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35
Q

Which type of yarn, traditionally made
from wool, is used to knit warm
jumpers?

A

Woollen spun

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36
Q 
Which type of yarn is smoothest and
most slippery (ideal for linings)?
A

Flat multi-filament yarn

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37
Q

What is a ‘transfer stitch’?

A

A loop that is moved to a different

needle once it has been knitted

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38
Q

Name 2 uses of ‘transfer stitches’.

A

Shaping knitted panels, patterning (e.g.

lace and cables) or integral knit

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39
Q

Describe one of the weaving actions

‘beat up’.

A

Pulling ‘reed’ towards weaver to add

new pick to the finished cloth.

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40
Q

State one essential property of warp

yarn for a woven cloth.

A

Uniform; or strong, relatively high
twist; or evenly coated with size; or
equal tension from warp beam

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41
Q

State the solvent used as printing

paste ingredient.

A

water.

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42
Q

State the pH condition of dye bath

when dying wool using acid dye.

A

Acidic condition.

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43
Q

What is meant by a ‘blend’ of fibres?

A

Different fibres of similar lengths have been

spun together in a yarn.

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44
Q

Why is it important to know the stiffness/

limpness of a fibre or fabric?

A

Because it affects fabric drape and thus

suitability for different garments/markets

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45
Q

What lustrous cellulosic fibre, used in suits,
shirts, dresses, etc., is very strong, durable,
cool, absorbent and creases easily?

A

Flax (linen)

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46
Q

Which fibre was canvas named after and

originally made from?

A

Hemp (cannabis sativa)

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47
Q

Increasing the twist in a yarn increases its?

A

Strength (also density, hardness, fineness)

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48
Q

Increasing twist in a yarn decreases its?

A

Warmth and softness (+ possibly hairiness)

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49
Q

Specify the type of yarn normally knitted on
very fine gauge knitting machines running
at high speeds.

A

Synthetic multi-filaments.

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50
Q

What fabric type cannot normally be

unravelled?

A

Warp knitted fabrics

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51
Q

Give names to the two plain weave

derivatives.

A

rib and hopsack

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52
Q

State the name of parts on a dobby loom
that control the raising and lowering of the
warp threads, creating the shed for the
weft to be inserted.

A

shafts.

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53
Q

Explain what is meant by ‘water-repellent’.

A

fabric is relatively resistant to surface
wetting, absorption or penetration of
water.

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54
Q

Explain ‘Waterproof’ property of a fabric.

A

Textile material that is fully resistant to

absorption or penetration of water.

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55
Q

Give 2 reasons why fibres might be blended

A

To reduce cost, improve durability/easycare/handle/appearance/marketability

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56
Q

Why are non-wovens cheaper than knitted

or woven fabrics?

A

They are made direct from fibre so spinning

costs are saved and very quick to make

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57
Q

What fibre are towels, bed sheets, curtains

and upholstery commonly made from?

A

Cotton.

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58
Q

What is the most common fibre blend

globally?

A

Cotton/polyester.

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59
Q

What impact does increasing fibre
alignment have on a yarn’s physical
properties?

A

It will be stronger and less warm.

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60
Q

What impact does increasing fibre

alignment have on a yarn’s appearance?

A

It will be finer and smoother

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61
Q

Name the lace fabric that has surface floats

making it look embroidered.

A

Fall-plate lace (Raschel knitted)

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62
Q

In warp knitting, what method is used to

deliver yarn at the same rate to all needles?

A

Guide bars deliver yarn from warp beams.

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63
Q

Explain ‘satin’ weave structure vs ‘sateen’.

A

Satin: long warp floats hide weft yarns.

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64
Q

Explain ‘sateen’ weave structure vs ‘satin’.

A

Sateen: long weft floats hide warp yarns.

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65
Q

Name the most important form of

industrial fabric printing.

A

Screen printing.

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66
Q

Name the most economical method of

printing for short runs.

A

Digital printing

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67
Q

Name 2 methods of making non-woven

fabrics.

A

Felting, mechanical entanglement, thermal

bonding, adhesive bonding, stitch bonding

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68
Q

Which fibres can be felted to make nonwoven fabric?

A

Wool (or hair fibres with scales)

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69
Q

What natural cellulosic fibre is considered

very environmentally friendly to grow?

A

Hemp

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70
Q

Which natural cellulosic fibre, traditionally
used to make ropes and sacking has been
largely replaced by polypropylene?

A

Jute.

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71
Q

What process increases the strength of

man-made filament yarn?

A

Drawing.

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72
Q

What process increases the bulk, warmth

and ‘natural handle’ in filament yarns?

A

Texturising.

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73
Q

What method is used to deliver yarn at
different rates to different needles in warp
knitting?

A

Yarn supplied through guide bar from creel.

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74
Q

What fibre/filament type is easier to warp
knit than weft knit because of the method
of yarn delivery and stitch formation?

A

Elastane filaments.

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75
Q

State the five actions of weaving process.

A

Warp let-off, shedding, picking, beat up,

fabric take up.

76
Q

Explain the ‘shedding’ process.

A

the opening formed when some

shafts/warp yarns lift and others lower.

77
Q

Dyes and Pigments, which one is used more

commonly in printing of textiles?

A

Pigments.

78
Q

Easy-care finishes is used for cotton or

polyester fabric?

A

Cotton.

79
Q

What type of fibres can be thermally

bonded?

A

Thermoplastic (or synthetic).

80
Q

Inter-fibre friction is an essential fibre
characteristic for what type of non-woven
production method?

A

Mechanical entanglement.

81
Q

Nettle, jute, hemp and flax are examples of

which 2 specific categories of fibre?

A

Bast fibres and natural cellulosic.

82
Q

Name the most popular fine wool fibre.

A

Merino wool.

83
Q

What optional process for filament yarns

makes them easier to knit, weave and sew?

A

Texturising.

84
Q

What type of yarn is ideal for use in lining

materials?

A

Flat multi-filament yarns.

85
Q

State 2 of the preparatory processes

necessary for warp knitting.

A

Warping, drawing, make pattern wheels.

86
Q

Why is it normal to buy warp knitted fabric

from stock rather than unique designs?

A

Long set up times make only long

production runs economic.

87
Q

Explain ‘colour and weave effect’.

A

Woven fabrics which pattern through using

warp and weft yarns in various predetermined colour combinations.

88
Q

State dyeing conditions used for polyester

using disperse dye.

A

Under pressure at 130o
C in specialised
dyeing equipment.

89
Q

What textile end-uses need flame

retardancy finishing?

A

Upholstery and furnishings, children’s

nightclothes

90
Q

Which non-woven method of production is

commonly used to make composites?

A

Stitch bonding.

91
Q

What is reclaimed wool called?

A

Shoddy.

92
Q

What good quality fibre normally comes

from Australia, New Zealand or South Africa?

A

Merino wool.

93
Q

Which type of filament yarn is most

commonly used in clothing?

A

Textured multi-filament yarns.

94
Q

Which type of filament yarn is least

commonly used in clothing?

A

Mono-filament yarns.

95
Q

Why do compound knitting needles knit

faster with fewer faults than latch needles?

A

Lower clearing height.

96
Q

What is the name for knitwear made from

panels knitted to size and shape.

A

Fully-fashioned knitwear

97
Q

Give two commercial names of woven
fabric made through ‘colour and weave
effect’.

A

Tartan, gingham, check a brat, etc.

98
Q

Crepe fabric is made yarns with low or high

number of twist?

A

High number of twist.

99
Q

Screen and digital printing, which one gives

high depths of shade?

A

Screen printing.

100
Q

Name any 2 types of screen printing?

A

Hand screen, rotary screen, semi-automatic

and fully-automated flatbed printing

101
Q

Which combination of physical properties is

difficult to achieve in non-woven fabric?

A

High strength/durability with good drape.

102
Q

What is most common method of making

textiles into insulation materials?

A

Thermally bonded (in oven) non-wovens

103
Q

Which natural fibre types are weak but

durable, warm and has good elasticity?

A

Natural protein fibres, wool and hair fibres.

104
Q

Which fibre type is resilient and wears

attractively making it ideal for carpets?

A

Wool.

105
Q

The name given to a yarn with loops along

its surface is?

A

Bouclé yarn.

106
Q

Name the yarn type that has lumps of fibre

along its length.

A

Slub yarn, knop yarn or bourette yarn.

107
Q

What is the name for seamless knitwear

garments knitted in one piece.

A

Wholegarment knitwear.

108
Q

Which type of knitting is commonly used to

knit garments to shape?

A

Weft knitting (fully-fashioned/wholegarment)

109
Q

Give one name of woven fabric based on
the types of weave loom used it is made
from.

A

Jacquard fabric or hand loom made cloth

110
Q

Give two variations/types of twill structure.

A

Herringbone, Diamond

111
Q

Milling process is used for wool or cotton

fabric?

A

Wool.

112
Q

Explain the ‘stenter’ process.

A

Fabric passes horizontally through a
succession of chambers at different
temperatures.

113
Q

Name 2 important characteristics of

disposable textiles.

A

Cheap, compostable/biodegradable.

114
Q

What is the name for non-woven fabrics, used
in composites, with fibres orientated in
different directions for high strength.

A

Multi-axial non-wovens.

115
Q

Name the only naturally occurring textile

filament.

A

Silk.

116
Q

What is the name of the filament/fibre taken

from open-ended cocoons?

A

Wild, freedom or tussah silk.

117
Q

Lingerie, tights and active sportswear are
most commonly made from what type of
yarn?

A

Textured multi-filament yarns (with elastane)

118
Q

The collective name given to bouclé, knop,

chenille and jaspé yarns is?

A

‘Fancy’ yarns.

119
Q

Weft knitted fabrics with face and reverse

stitches in the same wale are called?

A

Purl fabrics

120
Q

Name the stretchy weft knitted fabric
structure with face and reverse stitches in the
same course on both sides of fabric.

A

Rib fabrics.

121
Q

Plain, twill and satin, which weave structure
provides a woven fabric highest tear
strength?

A

Satin.

122
Q

Plain, twill and satin, which weave structure
provides the best dimensional stability of a
woven fabric?

A

Plain

123
Q

Reactive dyes are water soluble, is it used

dying cotton or polyester?

A

Cotton

124
Q

Disperse dyes are only partially soluble in

water, is it used for dyeing wool or polyester?

A

Polyester.

125
Q

Which fabric type can be used to make

nappies, durable ‘paper’ and geotextiles?

A

Non-wovens.

126
Q

What are ‘spun-laced’, ‘dry-laid’ and ‘meltblown’ examples of?

A

Non-woven fabric construction methods.

127
Q

What filament is around 1µ and holds 1/3 its

weight in moisture without feeling wet?

A

Silk.

128
Q

What filament is commonly associated with

luxury ties, lingerie, shirts and dress?

A

Silk

129
Q

Name the yarn type that looks like thin

ribbons of velvet.

A

Chenille yarn.

130
Q

Folding yarns increases their regularity and

therefore?

A

Strength (and fabric uniformity/productivity).

131
Q

Name the weft knitted fabric structure that is
most commonly used, tends to curl and has
different appearance front to back.

A

Plain knit (or single jersey).

132
Q

Which weft knitted stitch type is used to add

texture, weight and/or warmth to fabric?

A

Tuck stitches.

133
Q

‘Colour effect’ and ‘weave structure’ which

one affects woven fabric property?

A

Weave structure

134
Q

Satin and sateen, which structure is selected

when natural staple fibre yarns is used?

A

Sateen.

135
Q

Thickener and softener, which one is not

component of printing paste?

A

softener

136
Q

Rotary screen, flat-bed screen and digital
printing, which one gives the fastest
production for long runs?

A

Rotary screen

printing

137
Q

Apparel is the main end-use for textile fibres,

name the 2 other major end-uses.

A

Interiors and technical/industrial

138
Q

Name any 2 ‘technical’ end-uses for textiles

Any 2 of geotextiles, medical, hygiene, transport

A

(tyre cords, brake pads, carbon fibre wings,

etc.), belting, filters, composites

139
Q

Which fibre is soft (fibre fineness 10-20µ),
absorbent, can be boil washed but creases in
laundry and is slow to dry?

A

Cotton

140
Q

Which fibre is the major component in Tshirts, socks, sweatshirts, shirts and jeans?

A

Cotton

141
Q

What spinning processes result in the

strongest, finest, smoothest cotton yarns?

A

Combing and ring spinning

142
Q

How ‘Tex’ is defined?

A

Weight of 1000 meter yarn.

143
Q

Name the warp knitting machine with high

productivity that knits simple fabrics.

A

Tricot warp knitting machine.

144
Q

Name the warp knitting machine that is
optimised for knitting fancy fabrics including
lace and nets.

A

Raschel warp knitting machine.

145
Q

State the name of weave structure gives 3D

surface effect.

A

Honeycomb

146
Q

State the name of weave structure which can

provide good drape of a woven fabric.

A

Satin or sateen.

147
Q

State the name of a mechanical finishing
process that is used to give fabric a desirable
softness and a bulky handle (‘fulling’).

A

Raising.

148
Q

State the name of a wet finishing process that is

used to improve cotton surface lustre.

A

Mercerisation.

149
Q

Define the term ‘elastic recovery’?

A

How much a textile returns to its original

dimensions after extension.

150
Q

Explain what ‘pilling’ is.

A

Little bobbles of fibre that form on the

surface of a fabric.

151
Q

What specific fibre is a cross between Giza
and American cotton, producing a long, fine
(and soft) fibre.

A

Pima cotton.

152
Q

What fibre is grown, pulled, retted,

skutched and hackled before spinning?

A

Flax (linen)

153
Q

Name the spinning process for wool-length

fibres resulting in hairy, warm yarns.

A

Woollen spinning.

154
Q

Name the spinning process for wool-length
fibres that combs/aligns fibres to make
stronger, leaner, finer and cooler yarns.

A

Worsted spinning.

155
Q

Name the warp knitted fabric with 2 ‘face
fabrics’ and yarns zig-zagging between the
‘faces’ to create a gap between them.

A

Spacer fabric.

156
Q

State 1 advantage of ‘simultaneous

knitting’ and state what it is.

A

Faster or more uniform stitches are formed

when all needles move together to knit.

157
Q

Describe dobby weaving mechanism.

A

Groups of warp yarns are lifted by shafts.

158
Q

Describe jacquard weaving mechanism.

A

Individual warp yarns are lifted.

159
Q

State the name of a mechanical finishing
process that is used to improve surface lustre
of fabrics.

A

Calendaring.

160
Q

Cotton and polyester, which one usually

needs antistatic finishing?

A

Polyester.

161
Q

Why do environmental conditions and nutrition

have a significant impact on fibre price/quality?

A

Because they affect fibre fineness.

162
Q

What is the ‘golden bale’ a competition for?

A

The world’s finest bale of wool (awarded

annually)

163
Q

Whiteness, micronaire value, proportion of
immature fibres, low trash content, length and
fineness are all quality variables associated with
which fibre?

A

Cotton

164
Q

What is the main issue associated with a high
proportion of immature cotton fibres when
spinning?

A

A high nep (small knots) count leading to

irregular (lumpy) yarns.

165
Q

Explain how elastane is combined with other textiles
to improve their elastic recovery (can it be blended?
How is it incorporated?)

A

Elastane must be used as a filament, so it cannot be
‘blended’ but can be used as a covered or un-covered
filament yarn (and knitted or woven with other yarns
to make fabric) or it can be made into a composite
yarn where elastane filaments form the yarn core and
other fibres or filaments are wrapped around it

166
Q

What niche fibre is noted for its lustre and use in

car hoods and hairy knitwear/woven fabric?

A

Mohair.

167
Q

Name the company/marketing brand that
specifies and audits the performance and quality
of textiles licensed to use its logo?

A

Woolmark

168
Q

What increases breathing problems in workers,
machine down time and cross-contamination
leading to fabric faults?

A

Fibre fly in spinning.

169
Q

Name 2 fibre/filaments that are melt spun.

A

Any 2 of: nylon, polyester, elastane,

polypropylene, polyethylene

170
Q

Why are production rates of synthetic fabrics
normally higher than those of fabrics made from
natural fibres?

A

Because synthetics are stronger and can

withstand higher tensions in processing.

171
Q

Name 2 thermoplastic fibre/filaments and 2 that

are not thermoplastic.

A

Thermoplastic: nylon, polyester, elastane,
polypropylene, polyethylene
Not thermoplastic: cotton, wool, silk, viscose (any
natural or cellulosic)

172
Q

Explain why 10 denier tights are transparent and

100 denier tights are opaque.

A

10 denier tights are made from yarn that weighs
10g/9000m so is thinner than 100 denier yarn but
loop sizes are similar so there are gaps between
yarn/loops.

173
Q

Which man-made textile is nearly always used in
fibre form (not filament) and is most commonly
used as a replacement for wool?

A

Acrylic

174
Q

Which is the most popular textile material

(fibre/filament) in the world?

A

Polyester

175
Q

Which man-made fibre/filament has excellent

drape and takes strong dyes very well?

A

Viscose (or rayon, same thing)

176
Q

Which man-made textile is commonly used in
‘intimate apparel’ (underwear) because of its
good comfort properties and high strength?

A

Nylon

177
Q

What fibre is finer than 18.5µ and combed from

goats yielding about 110g/goat/year?

A

Cashmere.

178
Q

State the maximum thickness of a ‘fine’ fibre?

A

18µ

179
Q

Which man-made material must ALWAYS be

used in filament form?

A

Elastane

180
Q

Which man-made material is commonly used in
sportswear because it has good strength,
durability and wicking properties?

A

Polyester

181
Q

Which man-made material is most commonly
blended with cotton to make ‘easy-care’ textiles
such as shirts and bedlinen?

A

Polyester

182
Q

Name the man-made material that is considered

highly sustainable and environmentally friendly.

A

Lyocell

183
Q

Which textile fibre/filament is NEVER used in

pure form? (is always used with other fibres)

A

Elastane

184
Q

Flat, mono- and multi- are terms associated with

what?

A

Filament yarns

185
Q

Alpaca, vicuna, mohair and cashmere are

examples of which type of fibre?

A

Animal/protein hair fibres.

186
Q

What rare animal fibre is the finest and most

expensive?

A

Vicuna (or less than 13µ merino)

187
Q

Give two commercial names of tweed fabrics

A

Harris tweed, Scotch tweed

Textiles 1 (1 decks)

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