TFR Flashcards
(21 cards)
what does TFR stand for?
total fertility rate
what affects TFR?
total fertility rate is affected by:
- the age at which females have their first child
- educational opportunities for females
- access to family planning
- government acts and policies
when is a population considered relatively stable?
when the fertility rate is at replacement levels
if the fertility rate in a population is at replacement levels, then that population is:
relatively stable
what are the factors associated with infant mortality rates?
whether mothers have access to good healthcare and nutrition
what leads to changes in infant mortality rates over time?
changes in factors associated with infant mortality rates such as if mothers have access to good healthcare and nutrition
what is TFR?
the average number of children a woman in a population will bear throughout her lifetime
a higher TFR denotes:
- a higher birth rate
- higher population growth rate (generally)
what is replacement level fertility?
the TFR required to offset deaths in a population and keep population size stable
what is the replacement level fertility (how many kids)? how does replacement level fertility vary in different countries?
- replacement level fertility is usually about 2 kids in developed countries (replace mom and dad)
- it is higher in less developed countries due to higher infancy mortality
what is the infant mortality rate?
the number of deaths of children under 1 year per 1,000 people in a population
how does IMR vary among countries?
IMR is higher in less developed countries due to lack of access to healthcare, clean water, and enough food
what leads to a higher TFR?
a higher IMR
why does a higher IMR denote a higher TFR?
because families will have replacement children
what are the factors involved in IMR decline?
- access to clean water
- access to healthcare (hospitals, vaccines, vitamins and supplements for mothers and children)
- more reliable food supply
a decrease in global IMR leads to:
why?
a decrease in global TFR because parents don’t need to have replacement children
what factors affect TFR?
development (affluence) and government policy
how does affluence affect total fertility rate?
more developed wealthy nations have a lower TFR than less developed nations
- more educational access for women
- more economic opportunities for women
- higher access to family planning education and contraceptives (abortion, oral medication, condoms)
- later age of first pregnancy
- less need for children to provide income through agricultural labor (more developed countries don’t have an agrarian economy)
- educational and economic opportunities require time, leaving less time for raising children
how does government policy affect TFR?
can play a huge role in fertility by coercive (foreceful) or noncoercieve (encouraging) policies
- forced or voluntary sterilization (countries will provide free procedures for men and women or even provide economic incentives)
- china’s 1 (now 2) child policy (significant tax on families with more than 1 child)
- tax incentives to have fewer children
- microcredits or loans to women without children to start businesses
lower IMR =
lower TFR
the higher the income of a woman…
the less children she’ll typically have
