THALAMUS Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
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Secondary brain vesicle derived from the primary brain vesicle: prosencephalon
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DIENCEPHALON
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DIENCEPHALON;Extends posteriorly to where the 3rd ventricle becomes continuous with
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cerebral aqueduct (caudal)
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Q
Extends anteriorly to
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interventricular foramen (rostral)
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Q
Inferior Surface of diencephalon
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Formed by:
Hypothalamus
Optic chiasm
Optic tract on either side
Infundibulum
Tuber cinereum
Mammillary bodies
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Q
Thick bundle of fibers from hippocampus that arch posteriorly over the thalamus to join the mammillary body
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Fornix
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The superior surface is concealed by
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Fornix
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The superior border
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roof of the 3rd ventricle
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Q
Lateral Surface
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Bound by posterior limb internal capsule
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Medial Surface
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Wall of 3rd ventricle
Formed by:
Superior: medial surface of thalamus
Inferior: hypothalamus
10
Q
separates thalamus and hypothalamus
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Hypothalamic sulcus
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Superior margin of medial surface
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stria medullaris thalami
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4 PARTS of Diencephalon
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Thalamus
Subthalamus
Epithalamus
Hypothalamus
13
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Largest diencephalic subdivision
Relay station to all main sensory systems (except olfactory pathway)
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THALAMUS
14
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Lies inferior to thalamus
Diencephalic in origin but functions to basal ganglia
Between thalamus and midbrain tegmentum
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SUBTHALAMUS
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shaped like biconvex lens; connected with corpus striatum bc it is composed of putamen, globus pallidus, caudate; involved in control of muscle activity
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Subthalamic nucleus
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Large ovoid gray matter, obliquely oriented
At rostral end of the brainstem
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THALAMUS
17
Q
small elevation on the under aspect of the lateral portion of the pulvinar
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Lateral geniculate body
18
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extends along the dorsomedial margin of the thalamus near the roof of the 3rd ventricle
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Stria medullaris thalami
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continuous with tegmentum of midbrain
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Inferior surface of Thalamus
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Medial surface forms the superior part of the lateral wall of the 3rd ventricle and connected to opposite thalamus by
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interthalamic connection
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_______covered by ependyma and forms part of the floor of the lateral ventricle; partially covered by choroid plexus of lateral ventricle
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Lateral surface
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Lateral surface is separated from lentiform nucleus
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internal capsule
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Cells are composed of:
Cranial ends of red nuclei
Substantia nigra
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SUBTHALAMUS
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Also contains tracts that pass from tegmentum to thalamus (medial, spinal, and trigeminal lemnisci)
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SUBTHALAMUS
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Consists of:
Habenular nuclei
Stria medullaris thalami
Habenular commissure connects left and right
Habenular trigone contains nucleus
Pineal gland
EPITHALAMUS
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Small group of neurons just medial to the posterior surface of the thalamus
Habenular Nucleus
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Afferent fibers from amygdaloid nucleus in temporal lobe through the stria medullaris thalami; others from hippocampus pass through the fornix
Habenular Nucleus
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some fibers of stria medullaris thalami that connect both nuclei with each other
Habenular commissure
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Axons pass to interpeduncular nucleus in the roof of the interpeduncular fossa, the tectum of midbrain, thalamus and reticular formation of midbrain
Habenular Nucleus
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Center for integration of olfactory, visceral and somatic afferent pathways
Habenular Nucleus
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Small conical structure attached by a pineal stalk to the diencephalon
Projects backwards
Pineal Gland (Pineal Body)
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Lies posterior to the midbrain
Base of pineal stalk possesses a recess that is continuous with the cavity of the third ventricle
Pineal Gland (Pineal Body)
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Base of the stalk
Superior to base of stalk: contains the habenular commissure
Inferior: posterior commissure
Pineal Gland (Pineal Body)
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2 types of cells of pineal body
Pinealocytes and Glial cells
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with club-like processes opposed to blood vessels; synthesize melatonin
Pinealocytes
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concretions of calcified material that accumulate with age
Brain sand
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No nerve cells, no synaptic contact with neurons
Richly vascularized, no blood brain barrier so it can communicate w/ other parts
Pineal Gland (Pineal Body)
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Activity exhibits circadian rhythm that is influenced by light (active in dark) for sleep
Pineal Gland (Pineal Body)
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Melatonin and enzymes needed for its production (serotonin N-acetyltransferase increase at night in absence of photic stimulation)
Serotonin released highly at night
Pineal Gland (Pineal Body)
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Adrenergic sympathetic fibers from superior cervical ganglia enter and run in association with blood vessels and pinealocytes
Pineal Gland (Pineal Body)
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Extends from optic chiasm to caudal border of mammillary bodies
HYPOTHALAMUS
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Lies below the hypothalamic sulcus on the lateral wall of the 3rd ventricle
HYPOTHALAMUS
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Close to limbic system, thalamus, ascending and descending tracts, and hypophysis
HYPOTHALAMUS
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Pneumonic: "HEAL" of the function of hypothalamus
Homeostasis, Endocrine, ANS and Limbic
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Pituitary Gland is also called...
Hypophysis
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Flattened bundle of nerve fibers situated at the junction of the anterior wall and floor of the third ventricle
Optic Chiasm
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Superior surface of optic chiasm attached to
lamina terminalis
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Inferiorly related to the _________, from which it is separated by diaphragma sella
hypophysis cerebri
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Anterolateral corners are continuous with
optic nerves
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Posterolateral corners continuous with
optic tracts
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_______ of the 3rd ventricle lies on its superior surface
Optic recess
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Convex mass of gray matter seen on the inferior surface
Continuous inferiorly with the infundibulum
Tuber Cinereum
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Hollow and becomes continuous with the posterior lobe of the hypophysis cerebri
Later becomes pituitary gland
Infundibulum
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Root of infundibulum is ...
Median eminence
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raised part of tuber cinereum to which is attach the infundibulum
Median eminence
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Median eminence
Infundibulum
Posterior lobe (pars nervosa) of hypophysis cerebri (pituitary gland)
Neurohypophysis
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Posterior to mammillary bodies lies the posterior perforated substance →
Transmit central branches of the PCA
Mammillary Bodies
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Possess a central core of gray matter invested by a capsule of myelinated fibers
Mammillary Bodies
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2 small hemispherical bodies situated side by side posterior to the tuber cinereum
Mammillary Bodies
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Slit-like cleft between the 2 thalami
Communicates anteriorly with the lateral ventricle through the interventricular foramen of Monroe
Continuous posteriorly with the
fourth ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct
Third Ventricle
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What wall of 3rd ventricle?
Opening into the cerebral aqueduct
Superior to this opening is posterior commissure, pineal recess, and habenular commissure
Posterior wall
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What wall of 3rd ventricle?
Medial surface of the thalamus superiorly and hypothalamus inferiorly
Limited superiorly by stria medullaris thalami
Joined by the interthalamic connection
Lateral wall
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What wall of 3rd ventricle?
Optic chiasm
Tuber cinereum
Infundibulum
Inferior wall
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What wall of 3rd ventricle?
Mammillary bodies
Hypophysis is attached to the infundibulum
Posterior to these are the cerebral peduncles
Inferior wall
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Greek "inner chamber" "bedroom" (nasa loob)
Synaptic relay center to cerebral cortex for nearly all pathways
THALAMUS
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Major sensory relay station
Motor inputs from cerebellum and basal ganglia, limbic inputs, widespread modulatory inputs involved in behavioral arousal and sleep-wake cycles
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LOCATION, APPEARANCE, AND SUBDIVISIONS of THALAMUS
Large, egg-shaped mass of gray matter
Rostral end of brainstem
2 thalami
Each side of 3rd ventricle
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Location and Appearance of Thalamus:
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Location and Appearance of Thalamus:
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Location and Appearance of Thalamus:
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Location and Appearance of Thalamus:
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Subdivisions of Thalamus:
Superior surface covered by...
stratum zonale (thin layer of white matter)
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Subdivisions of Thalamus:
Lateral surface covered
external medullary lamina
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Subdivisions of Thalamus:
Divided by ___________ into medial and lateral halves
internal medullary lamina
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Y-shaped anterosuperiorly
Internal medullary lamina
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Receive mammillothalamic tract
Receive reciprocal connections with cingulate gyrus and hypothalamus
Anterior Thalamic Nuclei
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Reciprocal connections with prefrontal cortex and hypothalamic nuclei
Interconnected with all other thalamic nuclei
Dorsomedial Nuclei
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Closely associated with limbic system for emotions
Emotional tone and mechanisms of recent memory
Anterior Thalamic Nuclei
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Integration of large variety of sensory information, including somatic, visceral and olfactory information and their relation to emotion and subjective states
Dorsomedial Nuclei
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Lateral dorsal nucleus
Lateral posterior nucleus
Pulvinar
Dorsal Tier
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Have interconnections with other thalamic nuclei and with parietal lobe, cingulate gyrus and occipital and temporal lobes
Dorsal Tier
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Connected to reticular formation, substantia nigra, corpus striatum, premotor cortex and other thalamic nuclei
Connected to basal ganglia so it is connected w/ motor
Ventral Anterior Nucleus
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Similar to VA plus major input from cerebellum and minor input from red nucleus
Main projections pass to motor and premotor regions
Influence motor activity
Ventral Lateral Nucleus
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Ventral posteromedial (VPM) - receives ascending trigeminal and gustatory pathways
Closer to lamina medially
Primary sensation of face
Ventral Posterior Nucleus
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Ventral posterolateral (VPL) - receives ascending sensory tracts, the medial and spinal lemniscus
3rd order neuron of sensory tracts
Thalamocortical projections pass through posterior limb of internal capsule and corona radiata to postcentral gyrus area 3,1 and 2
Ventral Posterior Nucleus
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Within internal medullary lamina
Receive afferents from reticular formation, spinothalamic and trigeminothalamic tract
Intralaminar Nuclei
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Adjacent to 3rd ventricle and in the interthalamic connections
Receive afferents from reticular formation
Midline Nuclei
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Send efferents to other thalamic nuclei that project to cerebral cortex, fibers to corpus striatum
Influence consciousness and alertness
Intralaminar Nuclei
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Concerned on how cerebral cortex regulate thalamus
Midline Nuclei
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Between external medullary lamina and posterior limb of internal capsule
Thin, extensive sheet enveloping the lateral aspect of the thalamus
Reticular Nuclei
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Swelling on posterior surface of thalamus below pulvinar
Auditory pathway
Medial Geniculate Body (MGB)
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Afferents from cerebral cortex and reticular formation
Output to other nuclei
Reticular Nuclei
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Swelling under the pulvinar of the thalamus
Consists of 6 layers of nerve cells
Lateral Geniculate Body (LGB)
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Afferent fibers from inferior brachium and come from inferior colliculus
Inferior colliculus receives termination fibers of the lateral lemniscus
Medial Geniculate Body (MGB)
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Terminus of optic tract (except those passing to the pretectal nucleus)
Part of optic pathway
Fibers are the axons of the ganglion cell layer of retina and come from temporal half of the ipsilateral eye and from the nasal half of the contralateral eye
Lateral Geniculate Body (LGB)
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Receives auditory information from both ears but predominantly from the contralateral one
Efferent fibers from MGB form the auditory radiation which passes to the auditory cortex of superior temporal gyrus
Medial Geniculate Body (MGB)
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Receives visual information from the opposite visual field
Efferent fibers leave the LGB to form visual radiation which pass to visual cortex
Lateral Geniculate Body (LGB)
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3 MAIN CATEGORIES OF THALAMIC NUCLEI
Relay Nuclei
Specific Thalamic Relay Nuclei
Reticular Nucleus
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Receives input from numerous pathways then project to the cortex
Massive reciprocal connections
Relay Nuclei
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Thin sheet located just lateral to the rest of the thalamus, just medial to internal capsule
Only nucleus of the thalamus that does not project to the cortex
Reticular Nucleus
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Projections may be localized to specific region or more diffuse
Either localized (specific) or diffused (more structures involved)
Relay Nuclei
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Receives input from other thalamic nuclei and the cortex then projects back to the thalamus
Consists of GABAergic neurons (inhibitory)
Reticular Nucleus
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Regulate thalamic activity
Inputs also come from brainstem reticular formation for maintaining consciousness
Reticular Nucleus
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ABOUT THE CATEGORY OF THALAMIC NUCLEI: Specific Thalamic Relay Nuclei
All sensory (except olfaction) modalities, in the lateral thalamus en route to primary cortical areas
Lateral nuclear group
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ABOUT THE CATEGORY OF THALAMIC NUCLEI: Specific Thalamic Relay Nuclei
Limbic pathways to anterior cingulate cortex
Anterior nuclear group
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ABOUT THE CATEGORY OF THALAMIC NUCLEI: Specific Thalamic Relay Nuclei
Visual and other sensory inputs to pulvinar are relayed to large regions of the parietal, temporal, and occipital association cortex for behavioral orientation toward relevant stimuli
Widely Projecting (Nonspecific) Thalamic Relay Nuclei
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ABOUT THE CATEGORY OF THALAMIC NUCLEI: Specific Thalamic Relay Nuclei
Mediodorsal nucleus, midline and intralaminar nuclei - diffuse relays of limbic inputs and other information involved in cognitive functions
Widely Projecting (Nonspecific) Thalamic Relay Nuclei
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ABOUT THE CATEGORY OF THALAMIC NUCLEI: Specific Thalamic Relay Nuclei
- major relay towards frontal association cortex
MD (mediodorsal nucleus)
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ABOUT THE CATEGORY OF THALAMIC NUCLEI: Specific Thalamic Relay Nuclei
Within the internal medullary lamina
Receive inputs from many pathways and have reciprocal connections with cortex
Intralaminar Nuclei
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ABOUT THE CATEGORY OF THALAMIC NUCLEI: Specific Thalamic Relay Nuclei
Main input and output are from basal ganglia
Intralaminar Nuclei
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PART OF INTRALAMINAR NUCLEI:(mainly centromedian nucleus) - mainly involved in basal ganglia circuitry
Caudal intralaminar nuclei
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PART OF INTRALAMINAR NUCLEI:
basal ganglia, reticular activating system to cortex
Rostral intralaminar nuclei
