Thalamus

Question 1

____________

Major relay station of the brain (esp of sensory and motor info)

but it does association work too

integrates info from other subcortical structures (eg basal ganglia)

Answer 1

Thalamus

Question 2

________ contains pineal gland and habenula

Answer 2

epithalamus

Question 3

__________ is an endocrine gland, secretes melatonin when it’s dark, regulates sextual cycles, and circadian sleep/wake cycles , located above tectum and in font of posterior commissure.

Answer 3

Pineal gland

Question 4

__________ lies in front of pineal (on both sides), linked to negative reward/aversive stimuli and is smaller in depressed individuals (interacts with DA and 5HT system)

Answer 4

Habenula

Question 5

_________ contains subthalamic nucleus and zona incerta. It continues with tegmentum in midbrain.

lies underneath the thalamus

Answer 5

subthalamus

Question 6

_________ project to SN and red nuclei and to the reticular formation and other parts of midbrain

Answer 6

Subthalamus

Question 7

Orientations of Thalamus are :

_______ to lateral ventricles

_______ to internal capsule

_______ to hypothalamus and subthalamus

_______ to 3rd ventricle

masa intermedia ______ 3rd ventricle

Answer 7

Orientations of Thalamus are :

inferior to lateral ventricles

medial to internal capsule

superior to hypothalamus and subthalamus

lateral to 3rd ventricle

masa intermedia across 3rd ventricle

Question 8

divisions of thalamic nuclei are separated by a sheet of white matter called __________

Answer 8

internal medullary lamina

Question 9

Thalamus is wrapped by ___________

Answer 9

reticular nucleus

Question 10

gross nuclei divisions of thalamus are :

__________, ____________, __________

Answer 10

lateral nuclei, medial nuclei, anterior nuclei

Question 11

Nuclei inside internal medullary lamina are ___________

Answer 11

interalaminar nuclei

Question 12

Where internal medullary lamina splits at anterior of thalamus is the___________ (pink)

________ projects to the cingulum

relay nucleus

Answer 12

anterior nucleus

Question 13

Where internal medullary lamina splits the medial from the lateral thalamus is the.

called ________ nucleus

projects to the prefrontal cortex

association nucleus

Answer 13

Medial Nucleus. (called dorsomedial nucleus too)

Question 14

lateral to the internal medullary lamina is the _______

comprises majority of thalamus

further divided into dorsal and ventral tiers

Answer 14

lateral nucleus.

Question 15

Lateral nuclear group in the dorsal tier consists of :

Answer 15

lateral dorsal nucleus

lateral posterior nucleus

pulvinar

Question 16

Ventral nuclear group in the ventral tier consists of :

Answer 16

ventral anterior nucleus,

ventral lateral nucleus,

ventral posterior nucleus

Question 17

Ventral Posterior Nucleus is further drvoted into :

________ (___ sensory) and _______ (___ sensory)

Answer 17

ventral posterolateral nucleus (sensory body)

ventral posteromedial nucleus (sensory head)

Question 18

the two nuclei that hang off the back in the ventral lateral thalamus are :

Answer 18

lateral geniculate nucleus (visual) and medial geniculate (auditory)

Question 19

____________ only projects to other portion of thalamus not cortexes.

important for regulatory function (inhibition)

Answer 19

reticular nucleus

Question 20

___________ are loops - inputs comes into the thalamus and outputs leaves, it often loops to and back from cortex

Makes thalamus a filter and a regulator

Answer 20

Thalamic connections

Question 21

Inputs to the thalamic nuclei can be divided into two categories : ______ and ______

Answer 21

specific inputs (from sensory system) and regulatory inputs (feedback from cortex)

Question 22

The thalamic nuclei (specific inputs and outputs) can also be divided into three categories : ___________ , _________ and _________

Answer 22

Relay nuclei

Association nuclei

intralaminar and midline nuclei

Question 23

specific input (from spinal)

to _______ of thalamus

project to specific cortical region

and feedback to regulate function

most thalamic nuclei are in this category.

Answer 23

Relay nuclei (sensory or motor to cortex)

Question 24

specific input is received from association cortex (eg PFC) to ___________

it projects back to related association cortex ares (other PFC region)

Answer 24

association thalamic nucleus

Question 25

receives specific inputs from subcortical regions (eg basal ganglia) and project to cortex and also to basal ganglia or limbic structures

Answer 25

Intralaminar Nuclei (basal gangalia and limbic loops)

Question 26

The _______ nucelus and ______ are the principal association nuclei

Answer 26

dorsomedial nucleus and pulvinar

Question 27

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ project to both the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia

Answer 27

Intralaminar nuclei

Question 28

Thalamus mainly suppled by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 28

posterior cerebral artery and its communicating branches

Question 29

Most thalamic damage come from _______ events

Answer 29

vascular events

Question 30

pain often results from damage anywhere along the anteriolateral pathway, thus called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 30

thalamic pain (type of central pain)

Question 31

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ fibers between thalamus, putamen, caudate. inferiorly goes down through \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ superiorly fans out as ________ on its way to cortex (projection fibers)

Answer 31

internal capsule cerebral peduncles corona radiata

Question 32

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the white matter of the association cortices that run within hemisphere (anterior to posterior )

Answer 32

centrum semiovala

Question 33

Internal Capsule has 5 parts, name them with location related to putaman

Answer 33

anterior limb (btw putamen and caudate) posterior limb (btw putamen and thalamus) genu (btw anterior and posterior limbs) retrolenticular part (behind putamen) sublenticular part (below putamen)

Question 34

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ : fibres that connect anterior nucleus to cingulate ; dorsmedial to PF

Answer 34

anterior limb

Question 35

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ : contains motor fibres . eg corticospinal and those that go to VA and VL and thalamus

Answer 35

posterior limb

Question 36

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ : transition zone between anterior limbs and posterior limbs

Answer 36

genu

Question 37

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ : parietal connections, occipital including some of optic radiations (those going to superior bank of calcarine)

Answer 37

retrolenticular part

Question 38

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ : rest of optic radiations (those going to inferior of calcarine) ; auditory radiations; pulvinar to temporal association cortex fibers

Answer 38

sublenticular part