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DMST 254 ABD 1 > The Adrenal Glands > Flashcards

The Adrenal Glands Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the adrenal glands comprise of? 2

A
  1. Cortex
  2. Medulla
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2
Q

What does the cortex develop from?

A

Mesoderm

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3
Q

What does the medulla develop from?

A

Develops from the neural crest cells

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4
Q

What is the development of the cortex of the adrenals during the 6th week of gestation? 2

A
  1. Proliferation of mesoderm from posterior abdominal wall
  2. Penetrates the retroperitoneum, becomes primitive adrenal cortex
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5
Q

What is the development of the cortex of the adrenals during the 8th week of gestation?

A

Separates from posterior peritoneal surface and is surrounded by connective tissue (capsule)

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6
Q

After birth, the development of the adrenals cortex do what?

A

The primitive cortex involutes and disappears by 1 year of age

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7
Q

At three years of age what happens to the cortex of the adrenals?

A

differentiates into three zones

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8
Q

What happens during the 7th week of development of the medulla? 2

A
  1. Neural cells migrate and invade the medial side of the cortex
  2. Cells differentiate into the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla
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9
Q

Where is the adrenals located?

A
  1. Retroperitoneal cavity
  2. Anterior, medial and superior to the kidneys
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10
Q

What are the adrenals surround by?

A

Perinephric fat and gerota’s fascia

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11
Q

What are some physical descriptions of the adrenals? 3

A
  1. Paired
  2. Capsular
  3. Fixed position
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12
Q

What is the size of the adrenals for adults?

A
  1. Length: 4-6 cm
  2. Width: 2-3 cm
  3. AP 3-6 cm
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13
Q

What is the size of the spleen in newborns?

A

proportionately larger, compared to kidneys, usually 1/3 of the size of the kidneys

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14
Q

What is the shape of the adrenals? 3

A
  1. Pyramidal
  2. Semilunar (Crescent)
  3. V,Y, or Z configuration
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15
Q

Which adrenal is usually bigger?

A

Left

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16
Q

What is the position of the right adrenal in relation to the IVC?

A

Posterior and lateral

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17
Q

What is the position of the right adrenal in relation to the Kidney?

A

Superior

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18
Q

What is the position of the right adrenal in relation to the Liver?

A

Posterior and medial

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19
Q

What is the position of the right adrenal in relation to the crus?

A

Lateral

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20
Q

What is the position of the right adrenal in relation to the duodenum?

A

Posterior

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21
Q

What is the position of the left adrenal in relation to the left kidney?

A

Superomedial

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22
Q

What is the position of the left adrenal in relation to the stomach and lesser sac?

A

Posterior

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23
Q

What is the position of the left adrenal in relation to the crus?

A

Lateral

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24
Q

What is the position of the left adrenal in relation tp the pancreas and splenic vessels?

Study These Flashcards
A

Inferior portion posterior

25
What is the position of the left adrenal in relation to the aorta?
Posterolateral
26
The adrenal is what kind of organ?
Vascular organ
27
What arteries supply the adrenals? 3
1. Superior suprarenal arteries from inferior phrenic arteries 2. Middle suprarenal artery off the aorta 3. Inferior suprarenal artery off the renal artery
28
What drains the adrenals?
1. Right suprarenal vein drains into the IVC 2. Left Suprarenal drains into LRV
29
What is another name for the adrenals?
Suprarenal
30
What is the structure of the adrenals? 2
1. Double endocrine gland 2. cortex and medulla
31
What are the functions of the endocrine part of the adrenals?
Maintains homeostasis through hormone secretion
32
What is cortex of the adrenals? How much of the gland does it take up?
1. Thicker outer layer of the adrenals 2. 90% of the gland
33
What does the cortex of the adrenals secrete? 3
steroid hormones such as 1. Corticoids 2. Glucocorticoids 3. Gonadal hormones
34
Is the adrenals essential to life?
Yes
35
What is the release mechanism for the hormones of the adrenals?
Negative feedback system *ACTHRF>>ACTH>>adrenal hormones*
36
What are the three layers of the cortex?
1. Zona glomerulosa (outer) 2. Zona Fasciculata (middle) 3. Zona reticularis (inner)
37
What doers the zona glomerulosa do?
1. Mineralocorticoids - aldosterone secretion 2. increase aldosterone = sodium and water retention of the body
38
What does the zona fasciculata do?
1. Glococorticoids- cortisone, hydrocortisone secretion 2. Metabolism, immune response suppression, helps resist mental and physical stress
39
What does the zona reticularis do?
Sex hormones- androgens and estrogen secretion
40
What portion of the adrenal is the medulla? What does it do? What does it secrete?
1. Central portion 2. Fight or Flight 2. Secretes catecholamines (epinephrine/ norepeinephrine)
41
What are 4 things that happen with fight or flight response?
1. HR increases, constricting vessesls 2. Increase respiration, dilation of respiratory passages 3. Decreased digestion 4. Increase blood sugar levels
42
What are some lab tests for the adrenals? 4
1. ACTH 2. Aldosterone 3. Cortisol 4. Catecholamines
43
What is ACTH released by?
Anterior pituitary
44
What does ACTH stimulates the adrenals to release? 3
1. Cortisol 2. Androgens 3. Aldosterone
45
What conditions does elevated levels of ACTH mean?
Cushings disease and primary adrenal hypofunction
46
What does aldosterone stimulate? What happens if it's increased? When is it decreased?
1. Mineralocorticoid secretion's by adrenal cortex 2. Increased adenoma, adrenal carcinoma and adrenocorticohyperplasia 3. Decreased in hypofunctioning adrenal
47
How is ACTH measured?
Serum
48
How is Aldosterone measured?
Urine and serum
49
How is Cortisol measured?
blood and urine
50
What does Cortisol do? 2 (what does it increase and what does it decrease in?)
1. Increase hyperthyrodiusm, stress, some types of obestiy and adrenal hyperfunction 2. Decreased in adrenal hypofunction, hypothyroidism
51
How does catecholamines increase?
Increase in strenuous activity, malignant neuroblastoma and pheochromocytoma
52
What secretes catecholamines?
Adrenal medulla
53
How do we test for catecholamines?
Urine test and serum test. *Urine more accurate*
54
What is the patient prep for adrenal scans?
Overnight fast
55
What is visualization of the adrenals dependent on? 5
1. Age 2. Size 3. Amount of perirenal fat 4. Presence of bowel gas 5. Ability to change patient position
56
What is the sonographic appearance of the adrenals in adults?
1. Rarely visualized 2. homogenous, hypoechoic structure 3. surrounded by more echogenic perirenal fat
57
What is the sonographic appearance of newborns?
1. Easily identified 2. large in proportion to the kidney and very little perirenal fat to obscure 3. V, Y or Z shaped configuration 4. Thin echogenic core (medulla) and a less echogenic rim (cortex)
58
What is the best evaluated scanning technique for getting a right kidney scan? 2
1. Best done using the liver or right kidney as window 2. Patient should be in the supine position but the LLD position may be utilized
59
What is the scanning technique for getting the left adrenal? 4
1. Decubitus 2. intercostal scan 3. use the spleen/ left kidney as a window 4. Alternative: place patient in left posterior oblique position and scan through the IVC and aorta

DMST 254 ABD 1 (26 decks)

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