The anatomy of bones and joints

Question 1

What is ontogenesis?

Answer 1

It is the development of an individual organism or anatomical or behavioural feature from the earliest stage of maturity.

Question 2

What are myoblast cells?

Answer 2

They are a type of stem cell and they help in the development of skeletal muscle.

Question 3

What is the role of mesenchymal progenitors?

Answer 3

They play a vital role in bone development, growth.

Question 4

What are myocytes?

Answer 4

They are muscle cells and they are responsible for muscle contraction.

Question 5

What are osteoblasts?

Answer 5

They are cells that form new bones and grow and heal existing bones.

Question 6

What are adipocytes?

Answer 6

They are fat cells and they provide energy storage and insulation.

Question 7

What is ossification?

Answer 7

• The process of bone formation.

Question 8

When does ossification takes place?

Answer 8

6th and 7th week of embryonic development.

Question 9

What are the two types ossifications?

Answer 9

Endochondral and intramembranous ossification.

Question 10

What is intramembranous ossification?

Answer 10

Where mesenchyme is converted into bone.
Mesycheymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts and then the osteoblasts cluster together which form an ossification centre.

Question 11

What is mesenchyme?

Answer 11

It is animal tissue.

Question 12

What is endochondral ossification?

Answer 12

Where cartilage tissue is replaced by bone.

Question 13

What are chondrocytes?

Answer 13

They are cartilage cells.

Question 14

What happens to mesenchymal cells in endochondral ossification?

Answer 14

Mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes

Question 15

What are the four growing parts of the bone?

Answer 15

Diaphysis
Metaphysis
Epiphysis
Physis

Question 16

What is the diaphysis?

Answer 16

The long axis of the bone and made up of compact bone.

Question 17

What is metaphysis?

Answer 17

The wide region of bone.

Question 18

What is the epiphysis?

Answer 18

The rounded knob/ end of the bone and it is made of spongy bone.

Question 19

What is the physis?

Answer 19

It is the growth plate and it is cartilage which separated the epiphysis from the metaphysis.

Question 20

What is bone made up of? Exterior and interior?

Answer 20

The exterior of the bone is made up of hard, dense compact bone.
The interior of the bone is made up of spongy bone, blood vessels and bone marrow.

Question 21

What are the cylindrical units of compact bone called?

Answer 21

Osteons

Question 22

What are the group of hollow tubes of bone matrix called?

Answer 22

Lamella

Question 23

What is trabeculae?

Answer 23

A type of tissue that forms columns and it found in bone.

Question 24

What is bone resorption?

Answer 24

Osteoclasts degrade and break down tissue in bone and minerals and nutrients are released into the blood.

Question 25

Which cells break down bone tissue?

Answer 25

Osteoclasts.

Question 26

What do osteoclasts contain to help them break down tissue in the bone?

Answer 26

lysosomes which are digestive enzymes

Question 27

What is osteopenia?

Answer 27

When protein and mineral content of bone tissue is reduced. It leads to low bone density and it can make bones easily to make.

Question 28

What does ostenpina lead to?

Answer 28

Osteoporosis and this is where the bone mass is reduced whilst the bone matrix remains the same. Bone becomes light and porous.

Question 29

What are joints?

Answer 29

They are the connections between bones. Part of the body where two bones in the body meet and movements occurs.

Question 30

What are the three main types of joints?

Answer 30

Synathroses Ampiarthroses Diarthorses

Question 31

What is a synarthroses joint?

Answer 31

An immovable joint and an example is the skull.

Question 32

What is a amphiarthroses joint?

Answer 32

A joint that is slightly moveable and an example is intervertebral disks.

Question 33

What is a diarthroses joint?

Answer 33

A joint that is freely moveable and an example is the elbow.

Question 34

What type of fluid is present in joints?

Answer 34

Synovial fluid.

Question 35

What is a fibrous joint?

Answer 35

It is a joint in the body where bones are connected by connective tissue which is usually collagen.

Question 36

Where is synovial fluid present in?

Answer 36

The joint cavity.

Question 37

Which joints don't contain cavities?

Answer 37

Fiborous and cartilaginous joints.

Question 38

What are the three types of fibrous joints?

Answer 38

Sutures Syndesmoses Gomphoses

Question 39

What is a suture joint?

Answer 39

A type of joint that is only found in the skull and it is immovable. A type of fibrous joint.

Question 40

What is a syndesmoses joint?

Answer 40

A joint where bones are connected via ligaments of fibrous tissue. Movement is dependent on the length of the fibres.

Question 41

What is a gomphoses ligament?

Answer 41

A type of joint which helps teeth be embedded into their sockets.

Question 42

What is a cartilaginous joint?

Answer 42

Bones are joined together by cartilage. No joint cavity is present.

Question 43

What are the two main types of cartilaginous joints?

Answer 43

Symphyses and synchondroses.

Question 44

What is a synchondroses joint?

Answer 44

A type of cartilaginous joint and the bones are joined together by hyaline cartilage.

Question 45

What is a symphyses joint?

Answer 45

The bones are joined together by fibrocartilage and it acts as a shock absorber.

Question 46

What are synovial joints?

Answer 46

Bones are separated by a joint cavity which is filled with synovial fluid. A lot of freedom with these joints.