The Ancient World Pt 1

Question 1

Who is broadly credited for inventing science and scientific curiosity? what?

Answer 1

Greek philosophers, natural historians, physicians

Question 2

what is science?

Answer 2

An explanation that is more than facts, and not supernatural. Rational.

Question 3

What are the attributes of the Greek Character that were uncommon among other civilizations? (6)

Answer 3

Humanism: center of interest was people and not devine world
Rationalism: Logic
Curiosity: How world works
Individualism: descent from majority beliefs
Pursuit of excellenece: competition and winning
Love of freedom: For men greek civilization

Question 4

What assumptions did the Greeks make about the world and its study?

Answer 4

There is hidden order underlying the natural world, and this order is innate, and not imposed from outside nature by gods and this order can be discerned by the human mind

Question 5

The greeks tried to find natural causes by things of two means

Answer 5

1) active investigation
2) reason and observation

Question 6

Why did Greeks discard religious and supernatural explanations of the world?

Answer 6

the greek religion had no complete, systematic explination of the world

the greek gods took little interest in the world and its people

the greek gods had human characteristics and faults

priests did not dominate greek civilization

Question 7

Who were the main philosophers of the Milesian school?

Answer 7

Thales of miletus (main founder) Anaximander, and Anaimenes.

Question 8

What happened to the writings of Thales, Anaximander, and Anaimenes?

Answer 8

Thales left no writings and perhaps was illiterate. But some of his views, and the views of Anaximander and anaximenes, were put down in the historical record by Aristotle in his book metaphysics

Question 9

Thales Dates

Answer 9

650-580 BC

Question 10

Who did later Greek Philosophers regard as the first natural philospher?

Answer 10

Thales

Question 11

what were Thales teaching? (3)

Answer 11

the earth is a disc surrounded on all sides by water

water is the beginning of all things, the fundamental element out of which all else is made

the forces that cause change in matter are consolidation and expansion

Question 12

according to Thales what were earthquakes?

Answer 12

the water being disturbed around the earth disc

Question 13

according to thales teachings why were shells in the soil?

Answer 13

shells in the soil meant that the dirt used to be water

Question 14

because of what the Milesian can lay a claim to have invented science?

Answer 14

their naturalism and their ideas on the unity of matter

Question 15

Who was Empedocles? What are his dates?

Answer 15

492-432 BC
Philospher, materialist and had a casual view of nature. Created the 4 element model

Question 16

Empedocles and Thales shared what common views?

Answer 16

materialist and causal views

Question 17

What is the four element model?

Answer 17

Fire, air, water, and earth compose everything
These elements combine and dissociate because of two forces: love and hate

Question 18

What was Empodeocles biology relating to blood and evolution of animals?

Answer 18

• we think primarily with our blood, because the four elements are most evenly mingled in blood
• animals have evolved overtime from bizarre ancestors. Original ancestors came from separate limbs, torsos, and heads that arose from earth and randomly combined

Question 19

Who did Darwin honour for “foreshadowing natural selection?”

Answer 19

Empodocles

Question 20

Democritus dates and what did he represent? Why was he important?

Answer 20

460-370 BC
he represented the peak of the first period of Greek philosophy. He was the foremost ancient atomist and a skeptic of religion

Question 21

Where did Democritus learn his atomism from?

Answer 21

Leucippus

Question 22

What is Democriitus’s atomism and views of qualities of matter?

Answer 22

• atoms are infinite in number and shape
• qualities of matter derive from the number, size, shape and motion of the atoms of which matter is composed

Question 23

what were Democritus view of his atomism and biology, in terms of life and soul, respiration, sleep, asphyxia and death, and sensory perception?

Answer 23

• life and the soul are the same thing. The soul consists of fire atoms
• respiration brings in a fresh supply of fire atoms from the air
• Sleep, asphyxia, and death are all due to loss of fire atoms
• Sensory perception is due to the movement of atoms from the perceived object to the perceiver, and they interact with fire atoms

Question 24

What biological beliefs did Democritus have about the brain, heart and liver?

Answer 24

Brain is organ of thought
Heart is organ of courage
Liver is organ of sensuality

Question 25

what did democrtus think about religion

Answer 25

there are no divine beings, impersonal necessity and natural law govern the world

Question 26

Who was the first person to take scientific interest in animal anatomy?

Answer 26

Democritus

Question 27

what were the limitations of the first period of greek natural philosophy?

Answer 27

not experimental just did observations chemistry did not develop beyond atomic theory

Question 28

When was Hippocrates alive?

Answer 28

460-361 BC

Question 29

what were some aspects of early greek medicine?

Answer 29

focused on religion and magical cures purely secular healers arose who called themselves asclepiads (Greek god of medicine)

Question 30

Life of Hippocrates: Where was he born? Where did he travel? What was he famous for?

Answer 30

Born in cos to an Asclepiad father Traveled in Balkans and Asia Minor Practiced on Cos and Thessaly

Question 31

What legends surrounded Hippocrates name?

Answer 31

- honey from a hive on his tomb had healing powers - cured democritus of insanity

Question 32

any writing we have of Hippocrates were written by who? What are they called?

Answer 32

Likely written by his followers not him. since the sources of the writings are difficult to determine, they are simply called the "Hippocratic collection or Hippocratic Corpus"

Question 33

what was hipporatics thoughts on religion? Was he an athiest?

Answer 33

he rejected religion and the supernatural in medicine, but he was not an athiest.

Question 34

Hippocratics were suspicious of what theory?

Answer 34

broad theory: had one theory, humoral

Question 35

What high ethical standards did Hippocrates have?

Answer 35

Oath Aphorism Sometimes best thing is to do nothing Importance in welfare of the patient

Question 36

what was the Hippocratic method?

Answer 36

observe all, using all your senses- sight, hearing, touch, smell, taste gather observations without prejudice of theory or expectation study the patient rather than the disease- age diet, sleeping habits, dreams evaluate honestly; learn the probable outcomes of illnesses and tell the patient assist nature to heal the patient; the body has the power to heal itself, the physician just needs to assist

Question 37

How did Emedocles, Hippocrates and Galens (lived many centuries after) physiology of the four elements/humours relate?

Answer 37

Empdeocles - Air, Fire, Earth, Water Hippocrates - Blood, Yellow bile, black bile, phlegm Galen - Cheerful, chloric, melancholic, phlagmatic Hippocrates believed the humours correspond with elements. Galen tried to link humours to psychological

Question 38

Hippocratics pathology in many cases appealed to what? What were the phases of illness?

Answer 38

an imbalance of humours 1. Degeneration of humours; unbalanced - the whole body is sick 2. Crisis: patient will or will not recover 3. Rebalancing of humours, evacuates the humours such as by vomitting

Question 39

How do hippocrates views of pathology contrast with Rudolf Virchows (1858)?

Answer 39

Virchow linked diseases to cells not humours, therefore, the whole body is not sick

Question 40

What was the hippocratic view of inheritance?

Answer 40

tranmission of gemules from all parts of the body to sex organs, later named pangenesis by Darwin

Question 41

Why was dissection and vivisection (especially of people) not commonly performed during Hippocrates era?

Answer 41

was illegal , hard to find bodies, people were scared of ghosts

Question 42

what was the concept of Pneuma believed by Hippocrates?

Answer 42

The life enters the lung, is taken to the left side of the heart, and is distributed by the arteries to the body to sustain it

Question 43

what was early Hippocratics view on the brain?

Answer 43

it was a radiator that cools the blood and seperates water and mucus

Question 44

was was the later Hippocratics view on the brain, under the influence of Democritus?

Answer 44

believed that the brain is the center of thought and feeling

Question 45

What was the Hippocratics treatment? Were patients diagnosed? What treatments were performed?

Answer 45

Diagnosis was not emphasized, hippocratics could name few diseases. Believed sickness was just sickness Therapy - gentle - environment and diet was a big factor - baths, ointments, drugs such as emetics and laxatives - narcotics such as opium - surgery - set fractures - blood letting

Question 46

What was/is the Hippocratic Oath?

Answer 46

Contained ethical principles, some thought it was christian (even though christianity was not around yet)