The Art of Public Speaking, Chapters 1-10

Question 1

Anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience.

Answer 1

stage fright

Question 2

A hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress.

Answer 2

adrenaline

Question 3

Controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for their presentation.

Answer 3

positive nervousness

Question 4

Mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures themselves giving a successful presentation.

Answer 4

visualization

Question 5

Focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion.

Answer 5

critical thinking

Question 6

The person who is presenting an oral message to a listener.

Answer 6

speaker

Question 7

Whatever a speaker communicates to someone else.

Answer 7

message

Question 8

The means by which a message is communicated.

Answer 8

channel

Question 9

The person who receives the speaker’s message.

Answer 9

listener

Question 10

The sum of a person’s knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. No two people can have exactly the same ___.

Answer 10

frame of reference

Question 11

The messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker.

Answer 11

feedback

Question 12

Anything that impedes the communication of a message. Interference can be external or internal to listeners.

Answer 12

interference

Question 13

The time and place in which speech communication occurs.

Answer 13

situation

Question 14

The belief that one’s own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures.

Answer 14

ethnocentrism

Question 15

The branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs.

Answer 15

ethics

Question 16

Sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines.

Answer 16

ethical decisions

Question 17

The use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups.

Answer 17

name-calling

Question 18

The first 10 amendments to the US Constitution.

Answer 18

Bill of Rights

Question 19

Presenting another person’s language or ideas as one’s own.

Answer 19

plagiarism

Question 20

Stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one’s own.

Answer 20

global plagiarism

Question 21

Stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one’s own.

Answer 21

patchwork plagiarism

Question 22

Failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people.

Answer 22

incremental plagiarism

Question 23

To restate or summarize an author’s ideas in one’s own words.

Answer 23

paraphrase

Question 24

The vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain.

Answer 24

hearing

Question 25

Paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear.

Answer 25

listening

Question 26

Listening for pleasure or enjoyment.

Answer 26

appreciative listening

Question 27

Listening to provide emotional support for a speaker.

Answer 27

empathic listening

Question 28

Listening to understand the message of a speaker.

Answer 28

comprehensive listening

Question 29

Listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it.

Answer 29

critical listening

Question 30

The difference between the rate at which most people talk (120-150 wpm) and the rate at which the brain can process language (400-800 wpm).

Answer 30

spare "brain time"

Question 31

An outline that briefly notes a speaker's main points and supporting evidence in rough outline form.

Answer 31

key-word outline

Question 32

The subject of a speech.

Answer 32

topic

Question 33

A method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas.

Answer 33

brainstorming

Question 34

The broad goal of a speech.

Answer 34

general purpose

Question 35

A single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in their speech.

Answer 35

specific purpose

Question 36

A one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech.

Answer 36

central idea

Question 37

What a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech.

Answer 37

residual message

Question 38

Keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation.

Answer 38

audience-centeredness

Question 39

A process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences.

Answer 39

identification

Question 40

The tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being.

Answer 40

egocentrism

Question 41

Audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic, or cultural background.

Answer 41

demographic audience analysis

Question 42

Creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually assuming that all members o the group are alike.

Answer 42

stereotyping

Question 43

Audience analysis that focusses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and the occasion.

Answer 43

situational audience analysis

Question 44

A frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, etc.

Answer 44

attitude

Question 45

Questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives.

Answer 45

fixed-alternative questions

Question 46

Questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers.

Answer 46

scale questions

Question 47

Questions that allow respondents to answer however they want.

Answer 47

open-ended questions

Question 48

A listing of all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by a library.

Answer 48

catalogue

Question 49

A number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves.

Answer 49

call number

Question 50

A research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of journals or magazines.

Answer 50

periodical database

Question 51

A summary of a magazine or journal article, written by someone other that the original author.

Answer 51

abstract

Question 52

A work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers.

Answer 52

reference work

Question 53

A comprehensive reference work that provides information about all branches of human knowledge.

Answer 53

general encyclopedia

Question 54

A comprehensive reference work devoted to a specific subject such as religion, art, law, science, music, etc.

Answer 54

special encyclopedia

Question 55

A reference work published annually that contains information about the previous year.

Answer 55

yearbook

Question 56

A reference work that provides information about people.

Answer 56

biographical aid

Question 57

A search engine that combines Internet technology with traditional library methods of cataloguing and assessing data.

Answer 57

virtual library

Question 58

An organization that, in the absence of a clearly identified author, is responsible for the content of a document on the Internet.

Answer 58

sponsoring organization

Question 59

An interview conducted to gather information for a speech.

Answer 59

research interview

Question 60

A list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic.

Answer 60

preliminary biography

Question 61

The materials used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony.

Answer 61

supporting materials

Question 62

A specific case used to illustrate or to represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like.

Answer 62

example

Question 63

A specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point.

Answer 63

brief example

Question 64

A story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point.

Answer 64

extended example

Question 65

An example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation.

Answer 65

hypothetical example

Question 66

Numerical data.

Answer 66

statistics

Question 67

The average value of a group of numbers

Answer 67

mean

Question 68

The middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest.

Answer 68

median

Question 69

The number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers.

Answer 69

mode

Question 70

Quotations or paraphrases used to support a point.

Answer 70

testimony

Question 71

Testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields.

Answer 71

expert testimony

Question 72

Testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic.

Answer 72

peer testimony

Question 73

Testimony that is presented word for word

Answer 73

direct quotation

Question 74

To restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words.

Answer 74

paraphrase

Question 75

Quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it.

Answer 75

quoting out of context

Question 76

Putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience.

Answer 76

strategic organization

Question 77

The major points developed in the body of a speech. Most speeches contain from two to five main points.

Answer 77

main points

Question 78

A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern.

Answer 78

chronological order

Question 79

A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern.

Answer 79

spatial order

Question 80

A method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship.

Answer 80

causal order

Question 81

A method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.

Answer 81

problem-solution order

Question 82

A method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics.

Answer 82

topical order

Question 83

The materials used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony.

Answer 83

supporting materials

Question 84

A word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them.

Answer 84

connective

Question 85

A word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another.

Answer 85

transition

Question 86

A statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next.

Answer 86

internal preview

Question 87

A statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point(s).

Answer 87

internal summary

Question 88

A very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focusses attention on key ideas.

Answer 88

signpost

Question 89

A question that the audience answers mentally rather than out loud.

Answer 89

rhetorical question

Question 90

The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic.

Answer 90

credibility

Question 91

The audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind.

Answer 91

goodwill

Question 92

A statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body.

Answer 92

preview statement

Question 93

A conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity.

Answer 93

crescendo ending

Question 94

A conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement.

Answer 94

dissolve ending

Question 95

A detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech.

Answer 95

preparation outline

Question 96

The pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the speaker's ideas.

Answer 96

visual framework

Question 97

A list of all the sources used in preparing a speech.

Answer 97

bibliography

Question 98

A brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech.

Answer 98

speaking outline

Question 99

Directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how they want to deliver key parts of a speech.

Answer 99

delivery cues