The Art of Reasoning Midterm 1 Flashcards
(41 cards)
What is Objection?
A commitment to pursue the truth, reality, or fact, and using methods of reasoning
What is Subjectivity?
Speaking with opinion
What does “correct a fool they will hate you. Correct the wise and they will love you” mean?
It mean that the fool cares more about appearing correct than actually being correct, which explanes why they will hate you. While the wise are not focused about being correct, they care about learning and will not hate you if you correct them
What is Reasoning?
hint: has to do with inferences
it is the process which we make inferences. Starting with info we already have, an inference draws a conclusion based on that information.
What is logic?
the study of the methods and standards of infernce.
criticizing isnt finding what’s problematic in your opponents views, it is stepping back from your own view that you assumed was always the case
What is Thinking?
A skill
What is an inference?
draws something further or concludes something based on information
What is Classification?
it is how we organize a set of things into a group and using a word that stands for that group
helps organize things into categories
What is a Concept?
similarily to genus
idea, word, or linguistic vehicle that we use to express an idea
helps us organize things that are similar to each other
What is a Referent?
hint: something that refers to something else
Objects/things that a concept stands/refers to
similarily to species
What is a Genus?
a generation, origin, start, or beginning of something
- written in ALL CAPS
- a very broad category of something
- a broader concept of the genus
ex) A genus could be SHARKS. but also, the Genus for sharks could be AQUATIC LIFE.
What is a Species?
Specification
- written in lowercase
- something more specific that falls into the genus
ex) the genus could be AQUATIC LIFE. and the species could be goldfish.
Consistent Principle
2 princples (rules) when sorting things into genus and species
Mutually Exclusive: cant have on thing go into more than one species (the things under the genus cannot overlap with more than one species.
- if overlpapping happens it means you are being mutually exclusive and you need to change what the species are so nothing is in more than one species under that genus
Jointly Exhaustive: cannot have things outside of the species - everything has to be categorized (in a species).
- you are classifiying things that have to jointly come together into species and you cannot leave options outside of the species under that genus
- if there are things not categorized under the spcies, it means you are making an error of being jointly exhaustive, this mean you have to fix the species to make sure all options are in a species.
nothing should overlap with multiple species or left uncategorized
a guideline that prevents species from overlapping into different categories
What are the rules of Classification?
- different species should not overlap. species should be mutually exclusive and jointly exhaustive
- the principle or principles used should identify essential attributes
essential attributes: what it is about the thing in the concet that you are trying to organize
ex: animals
- what is it about animals you are trying to categorize? Is it how they birth, how or what they eat, etc etc.
What are Essential Attributes?
When you identify something in a concept, you ask yourself what it is about that, that you are trying to organize
ex: animals
- what is it about animals you are trying to categorize? Is it how they birth, how or what they eat, etc etc.
What does a Defintion do?
hint: clarifications
it gives us a test of rule of that concept
- makes things more precise
- gives summary statement
- tells us what is in the “folders”
- clarifies boundaries of the concept and relationships among concepts
ex) the definition for fish being “a thing in the water” is a bad definition as other than fish there are also rocks, plants, sticks and humans in the water. the word “thing” is way too broad.
a better definiton would be “an aquatic animal with gills that lives in the water”
What are the main functions of definitions?
(there are 3)
- state the requirements in the class of referents
- shows the relationship between a concept and other concepts
- mak something out of the knowledge we have about the referents of a concept
What does Concrete and Absract mean?
Conrete: very specific. Going further down the genus.
Abstract: very broad ideas that can fit more other terms rather than something concrete
Absract to concrete: Life - animal - mammal - myself
What does “Related but Not Identical” mean?
It is when two phrases mean the same thing but are worded differently
1) Jack is a lawyer. Jack is an attorney. (same thing different wording)
2) you have a lovey view from you window. you have a beautiful view from your window. (same thing different wording)
3) wendy is a journalist. wendy works for the newspaper.(this is false since you don’t have to be a journalist to work for the newspaper just like how you don’t have to work for the newspaper even if you are a journalist)
What is a Connotation?
similiar to “related but not identical”
The phrases are identical but have a different emotion
ex)
Amy is a good student
and
Jack is a determined educated individual
What is a Subject/Predicate?
What is Logical Syllogism?
hint: has to do with argument equations
When there are 2 premises and a conclusion
What are the 6 rules for Definitions?
- Should include a genus and a differentia
- Should be neither too broad nor too narrow
- Should state the essential attributes of the concept’s referents
- Should not be circular (do not use the definition word in your definition)
- Should not use negative terms unnecessarily
- Should not use vague, obscure, or metaphorical language
What is Differentia?
It is the ability to tell the difference bewteen the different examples in the same species of the same genus
ex: what distinsguishes between you and your brother other than your name?
- behaviour, looks, etc
